In order to express the deep condolences of the people of all ethnic groups in China for the martyrs and compatriots who died in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic, the State Council issued an announcement and decided to hold a national mourning activity on April 4, 2020.
Today, flags of embassies and consulates all over the country and abroad are flying at half mast, and public entertainment activities are stopped all over the country. From 10: 00, the people of the whole country observed a three-minute silence. Cars, trains and ships honked their horns and air defense alarms sounded.
Undoubtedly, the COVID-19 epidemic has brought great disasters and challenges to our country. Throughout the history of China, the plague raged several times, and the word "great plague" was written every few pages in the history books. The history of the Chinese nation is a long and thorny road of unremitting struggle against the plague.
Looking around the world, plague is the biggest human killer, and there is no one. The plague even destroyed some human civilizations. Behind the demise of Aztec civilization, Inca civilization and Maya civilization on the American continent, the shadow of the plague looms, while the three ancient civilizations of Egypt, Babylon and India, as well as the once prominent Roman Empire, vanished somewhere in history, which is also the result of the joint action of war and plague.
But why did the plague never crush the Chinese nation? Of the four ancient civilizations, why only China continues to this day?
Wen | Guan Shanyuan
Editor | Xie Fang looks at the think tank
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one
Plague is fierce
There are two major laws in the epidemic of plague in ancient China: one is that there is a great plague after the great disaster, and the other is that there is a great plague during the great war.
After major disasters, especially major floods, bacillary dysentery, cholera and schistosomiasis followed. In 1931, there was a flood in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and Wuhan was the hardest hit, and it was soaked in the flood for more than a month. Because of poor disaster relief, the great flood brought great plague. At that time, Guowen Weekly reported that "the stagnant water in three towns in Wuhan was full of corrupt food", "the bodies of floating people and animals" and "the evaporation of evil gas was pressing", and finally "the most terrible infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever and suffocation spread in Wuhan area at a very fast speed". There is a lack of accurate statistics on the number of deaths caused by floods and plagues. According to the article "A Study on Flood Relief in Wuhan in 1931" (by Bo Zhang), the number of dead victims in three towns in Wuhan is more than 30,000, among which 3,619 were drowned. It can be seen that the lethality of plague is far greater than that of flood.
Plague and war go hand in hand.
On the one hand, large-scale personnel flow brought the spread of plague, on the other hand, when the two armies confronted each other, the personnel were dense and the sanitary conditions were poor, which easily caused the outbreak of plague. There are countless examples in this regard, and some wars even ended because of the plague. The New Yuan History records the failure of a labor expedition by Mongolian fighters, and the object they want to conquer has a very strange name-"800 daughter-in-law country". This country is located in today’s southern Yunnan and northern Myanmar. According to historical records, the king has 800 wives, hence the name. In 1300 AD, 20,000 Mongolian troops went to attack the 800-daughter-in-law country. As a result, the army just arrived in the mountains in the south, and before finding the main force of the other side, it was infected with malaria. "The soldiers died ten times." How can we fight this battle? Finally, the Yuan army was forced to withdraw, and the commander-in-chief was beheaded by the emperor.
In ancient China, there were frequent natural disasters and wars, so you can imagine the intensity of the plague. Historical data show that after the Han Dynasty, plagues increased day by day, and plagues broke out in almost every dynasty, every generation and even every emperor’s reign.
The famous "seven sons of Jian ‘an", except Kong Rong and Ruan Yu died early, all the other five people died of a great plague in the 22nd year of Jian ‘an (AD 217). At that time, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi recorded this incident. Cao Pi mourned the "seven sons of Jian ‘an": "Xu, Chen, Ying and Liu all died at one time. Can you say that the pain is evil?" Cao Zhi even wrote an article on epidemic qi: "In the 22nd year of Jian ‘an, furuncle qi became popular. Every family has the pain of zombies, and the room has the mourning of wailing. Or closed the door and died, or lost the family … "
The Three Kingdoms fought endlessly, but the casualties caused by the war were far less than the plague. "Three out of ten people died of dysprosium in Feng Yu, and seven out of ten died of the plague". At the beginning of 223 A.D., Wei surrounded Jiangling City of the State of Wu, and fought for more than a year, and almost succeeded. However, a plague broke out in Jiangling City. When Wei Jun heard about it, he was afraid of infection and the city was abandoned, so he hurriedly withdrew. In A.D. 253, the state of Wu besieged the new town of Wei, fought for several months, and slept in the wild. After drinking the polluted water, soldiers began to have loose bowels, and their fighting capacity dropped sharply. When Wei reinforcements arrived, Wu Jun was defeated. Later analysis should be intestinal infectious disease, that is, bacillary dysentery.
During this period, the population of China declined sharply. In the second year of Emperor Heng’s longevity (AD 156), the number of households nationwide was more than 16.07 million, with a population of 50.06 million. By the end of the Three Kingdoms (AD 280), the total number of households in Wei Shuwu was only over 1.49 million, with a population of 5.6 million.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the change of dynasty was also a painful moment of plague outbreak, especially in Chongzhen period.
Open the Ming history and local chronicles, this period of time is full of shocking words:
"Summer was plagued by plague, and countless people died" (Qinyuan, Shanxi); "Day line plague, die in the morning and evening. Within one night, the whole family died. The people fled, and the city was empty "(Xingxian County, Shanxi Province); "The plague is widespread, and people die in five or six times out of ten, and they are fierce at the age of ten" (Daming Prefecture, Hebei Province); "People are frightened, and the ceremony of hanging questions is wasted" (Xiongxian County, Hebei Province); "Spring epidemic, people die every door, no one walks in March" (Xingyang, Henan) …
In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, that is, in 1643, a year before the Ming Dynasty’s death, plague began to spread in Beijing. "The great plague in the capital from February to September" is recorded in history: too many people died, and coffin shops had no time to make it, and many of the dead didn’t even have coffins. There was an official named Wu Yansheng. One servant died at home, and another servant went to buy a coffin. He didn’t come back for a long time. He hurried to see that the servant had died in the coffin shop … According to the official count, there were more than 200,000 dead people carried out from nine gates in Beijing.
Although "heaven and earth are heartless, everything is a straw dog", but when the plague is raging, the suffering people can only pray for God’s blessing. "Wujiang County Records" recorded the scene that Wujiang people, frightened by the plague epidemic in 1644, rushed to the temple to pray for God and worship Buddha. Wujiang "If the country is crazy, it will cost tens of thousands of dollars, and all the officials and soldiers in the temple are filled with strangers. When they hear God’s words, they drink, and there is the sound of shackles beating and tarting …"
This year, the Ming Dynasty died and the Qing Dynasty was replaced, and the war disaster epidemic was intertwined, which was a doomsday picture!
2
Civilization continues.
After such a tragic plague, why can Chinese civilization continue to this day?
Reason one: there are many people in the land.
Chinese civilization started with a great atmosphere, which revolved around the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, in sharp contrast to other ancient civilizations in a small geographical scope. For example, the civilization of the two rivers originated from the arc-shaped strip in western Asia, which is like a crescent moon, so it is called "the fertile land of the crescent moon" [Note: this name comes from the Ancient Egyptian Records published by American archaeologist James Henry breasted in 1906]. Therefore, China has formed a vast land area and a huge population base very early. Whether facing war or plague, it has a strategic hinterland and manpower supplement.
In addition, when Europeans were still living in the black forest, China had already formed a developed and vast agricultural society, which cannot be ignored. Jared diamond, an American scholar, wrote in his book Guns, Germs and Steel: Ancient humans chose agriculture or hunting and gathering, and the development of civilization went in two directions. In contrast, the surplus grain produced by agriculture can feed more people, thus forming a "settled, administratively centralized and unified society with distinct social classes, complex economy and innovative technology".
More importantly, a prerequisite for the development of agriculture is to domesticate animals. Many viruses and germs that caused the plague originated from animals. The first people who domesticated animals became victims of the plague, but the survivors from generation to generation gradually formed strong resistance to these new diseases.
The second reason: the continuity of civilization.
Different from other ancient civilizations that have died out one after another, the characteristics of vast territory and large population have endowed Chinese civilization with great stability, absorption and integration power, and it has never been replaced by foreign civilizations. It is the only uninterrupted and endless continuous great civilization in the world.
The earliest medical classic Huangdi Neijing in China was written in the pre-Qin Dynasty, the Warring States Period and the Western Han Dynasty. Later generations found that it was assembled by several authors over a long period of time, which is the best explanation of the "continuity" of Chinese civilization.
Chinese characters ensure the continuity of Chinese civilization. Characters are recognized as the dividing line between barbarism and civilization. The inventor of Chinese characters can’t be tested. The ancients thought that it was "Cangjie who created characters". Huainanzi wrote: "Cang Xie used to write books, but it rained every day, and ghosts cried at night." It is said that since human beings mastered the characters, they have mastered the secrets between heaven and earth. There is the word "method" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Later generations studied that schistosomiasis was discovered as early as the Shang Dynasty. Other ancient civilizations have also produced characters, but Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the only ancient character that has been passed down and used by human beings. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the bronze inscription and the bronze inscription, to Qin Shihuang’s implementation of the seal script with the same script, to official script, regular script, and the addition of papermaking and printing, Chinese civilization has been completely recorded and never dated.
Inherited together, it also includes ways to fight the plague.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, troubled times revived. There were more than 200 people in the Zhang family of the famous doctor Zhang Zhongjing, and only one third survived after a major epidemic. After decades of painstaking research, Zhang Zhongjing finally wrote the immortal treatise on febrile diseases and miscellaneous diseases, which systematically expounded the syndrome differentiation and treatment of a variety of exogenous diseases and miscellaneous diseases, and provided a standard for syndrome differentiation and treatment in clinical departments of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been passed down to this day.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wu Youxing, a famous doctor, wrote the famous book "Pestilence Theory", which broke the stereotype and jumped out of the treatise on febrile diseases that has been adhered to for thousands of years, and put forward a new viewpoint of the etiology of infectious diseases-the theory of rage. He believes that the plague occurred not because of unhealthy qi at four o’clock, nor because of exogenous pathogens, but because of different diseases. He also pointed out that the transmission route of "violent qi" was through air contact and through the nose and mouth. Before the emergence of modern bacteriology, Wu Youxing’s research was admirable and far-reaching. It is precisely because generations of famous Chinese medicine practitioners have inherited and brought forth new ideas that a profound theory of Chinese medicine has been formed.
Reason three: a unified country and a centralized regime.
In ancient China, although there were civil strife, division, regime change and northern nomads entering the Central Plains, a multi-ethnic political entity with the Han nationality (Huaxia nationality) as the main body always existed.
Only when the country is unified can the central government "concentrate on doing great things", whether it is the irrigation system, water transportation system and flood prevention system needed for daily maintenance of huge agriculture, or the national action in times of crisis, such as responding to a large-scale plague outbreak, which is highly contagious, mass-distributed and involves a wide area. It is necessary to concentrate resources and coordinate in prevention and control, and comprehensively test the government’s rapid response ability, resource mobilization ability, administrative execution ability and social mobilization ability, as well as ". The ability to "mend after the sheep is dead" is very crucial. China has a vast territory. In ancient times, information transmission was slow, and there were shortcomings such as slow response and inefficient administration. However, once the country mobilized, it would quickly turn the corner and form a response mechanism to avoid repeating the same mistakes.
Take the Song Dynasty as an example, when the plague broke out, the whole state machinery was launched: governments at all levels gave scattered medicine to the people in the epidemic area, and sometimes the emperor gave scattered medicine to the people in private. Government medical institutions, such as the Medical Officer’s Hospital, the Doctor’s Hospital, the Prescription Bureau and the Pharmacy Bureau, were uniformly dispatched by the government, and they cooperated with each other and actively invested in the treatment of the epidemic. Medical schools in local counties also undertook the task of treating the epidemic. The government also stepped forward to set up a sick room, which is actually a simple isolation hospital today, to save lives and prevent spread. The government will also implement relief measures, such as reducing corvee, giving money and millet, organizing the burial of bodies, helping people in epidemic areas get rid of their hardships and rebuild their lives, and at the same time doing a good job in epidemic prevention in crowded troops and prisons. In the Song Dynasty, local officials at all levels actively prevented and controlled the epidemic, leaving many anecdotes, such as Su Dongpo, who promoted medicine, established a sick workshop and spread knowledge in Hangzhou, and is still deeply impressed by Hangzhou people.
It is worth mentioning that in the Song Dynasty, great importance was attached to epidemic prevention. At that time, the engraving printing technology was very developed. The government came forward to print and publish a large number of medical books, which were promoted to various counties and counties, and spread the knowledge of epidemic prevention and treatment to the people. This kind of effort is effective. In the Song Dynasty, people attached great importance to the hygiene of diet and drinking water, and emphasized that they should drink "boiled water" when they were away from home. The concept of "boiling without toxicity" was deeply rooted in people’s hearts. This is actually a boiling disinfection method, which is very important for the prevention of digestive tract infections. It can be said that Chinese loved drinking hot water more than 1000 years ago.
three
"China Spirit"
Let’s talk about "China Spirit" in detail.
There is such a story in the Biography of Old Tang Dynasty Li Deyu:
"Deyu is in the prime of life, and he is sharper than Buzheng. Anyone who harms the people of the old customs is aware of its disadvantages. Between the river and the ridge, people believe in witchcraft and wish, confuse ghosts, and those with parents and brothers who are seriously ill, give up their rooms and leave. Deyu wants to change his style, choose people with insight from fellow villagers, tell them in words, and bring them to justice. In a few years, the disadvantages will be changed. It belongs to the county temple, according to the local chronicles, and the former generation of famous ministers and sages followed it. Within the four counties, there are 1,100 prostitution shrines. "
This happened during the reign of Tang Muzong’s Changqing, and Li Deyu was appointed as the observer of western Zhejiang. The future famous statesman of the Tang Dynasty was keenly aware of a problem: at that time, some areas in western Zhejiang believed in witchcraft and worship, and after their families got sick, others did not try to save their loved ones, but abandoned them in the mountains and left them to fend for themselves.
Li Deyu’s approach is to hold a meeting with local people of insight and teach them that filial piety is the highest ethical realm of human beings, and they should not abandon their loved ones in times of crisis. On the one hand, he educated the people with Confucian ethics, on the other hand, he punished the behavior of abandoning patients with law. In a few years, he got rid of local stereotypes and established public order and good customs.
Coincidentally, Sui Shu also recorded a story:
Xin Gongyi was appointed as the secretariat of Minzhou (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) and found that there was a bad habit of abandoning patients there, so he was very worried. When a plague broke out one summer, he asked his subordinates to concentrate all the patients on the government. At most, hundreds of people came, and all the halls in the hall were full. Xin Gongyi used all his salary to buy medicine, ask a doctor to see a doctor, and personally advised the patients to eat. Xin Gongyi put himself on a couch and worked with patients-it’s terrible to read now. Xin Gongyi was not infected, and it’s really "good people get what they deserve"-because of careful care, most of these patients have recovered. Subsequently, Xin Gongyi called the families of these patients and said: For the elderly, either abandon or not give up. "Sui Shu" later wrote: "The sons and daughters of the sick people went away with shame. In case of illness, future generations will fight for the monarch, and their families have no relatives, so they will stay and raise them. At the beginning, I was kind, and this wind changed, and I was called a loving mother within the border. "
Xin Gongyi is a male, but he is called "loving mother" by the local people, which is highly praised. For these two words, Xin Gongyi also felt a lot-he lost his father from childhood and was raised by his mother, who personally taught him all kinds of classics, taught him compassion and taught him the way of filial piety.
Li Deyu and Xin Gongyi are both scholars who are familiar with Confucian classics. On the one hand, they constantly strengthen their self-cultivation, on the other hand, they consciously shoulder the heavy responsibility of educating the people. For example, The Book of Rites University said: "The way of a university is to be clear in virtue, to be new in people, and to stop at perfection." What they did in western Zhejiang and Minzhou was to teach the local people to "care for the elderly, and to care for the elderly".
Filial piety is one of the core ideas of Confucian culture. Confucius said that to be a gentleman, one must learn literature, but fundamentally speaking, what is more important than learning literature is filial piety and younger brother, that is, filial piety to parents and respect for older brothers. "Benevolence" is the basic moral value of Confucianism, while "filial piety" is the foundation of benevolence. Among filial piety and younger brother, filial piety is the most fundamental. Can you forget your filial piety because of the plague arrival?
One of the core of China’s Confucian culture is "the benevolent loves others", and the higher social form of Confucian ethics and politics is "Datong": "A trip to the main road will make the world public. Choose talents and abilities, and practice faith and cultivate mutual understanding. An old friend is not only a relative, but also an only son. Let the old age end, be strong and useful, the young have their own strengths, and those who are lonely and sick are all supported … It is called Datong. " When the COVID-19 epidemic is spreading all over the world, how can we read this passage carefully without tears?
In the early 1980s, Mr. Zhang Dainian, a great philosopher, summarized the spirit of the Chinese nation as "striving for self-improvement" and "cherishing morality".
"Self-improvement, virtue-bearing" comes from the hexagrams of "Gan" and "Kun" in the Book of Changes: "A gentleman strives for self-improvement; The terrain is Kun, and the gentleman carries things with virtue. " Visible, these eight words condensed Chinese’s awe of heaven and earth, self-cultivation and morality to people. Today, if we look at the tenacity of the people in Wuhan within the city’s closure, the courage of medical staff to rush to help, and look back on the thorny road of fighting the plague for thousands of years, we will suddenly realize that the secret that the Chinese nation will not fail lies in the eight characters of "constantly striving for self-improvement" and "being virtuous and carrying things".
Of course, the formation of ethics generally recognized by the whole society is an important standard of human civilization. During the COVID-19 epidemic, a theory of American anthropologist margaret mead was circulated on the Internet: What is the initial symbol of civilization? Fish hooks, clay pots or grindstones to solve the problem of food and clothing and safety? No, the first sign of civilization in ancient culture was that the femur (thigh bone) was cured after fracture. Margaret mead said: No animal can survive alone after its leg is broken, or starve to death because it can’t prey on animals, or become a dish for other animals. When the human fractured femur has healed, it shows that someone spent a long time with the injured person, tied the wound, took the person to a safe place, and let him slowly recover.
"No matter when, be together." -This is a solemn promise only made by human beings.
four
optimal portfolio
On June 30, 1958, Mao Zedong learned that schistosomiasis had been completely eliminated in yujiang county County, Jiangxi Province, and he couldn’t sleep at night. The breeze is warm and the rising sun is near the window. Looking at the south sky, I am happy to write ",and wrote the well-known" Seven Laws and Two Poems to Send athel Loren ".In the postscript of the poem" Send athel Loren ",Mao Zedong wrote:" … Party organizations, scientists and the masses, the three are combined, and athel Loren has to walk. "
On October 3, 1958, the People’s Daily published a poem "Seven Laws and Two Poems to Send to the God of plague" written by Chairman Mao in a prominent position on the front page for the eradication of schistosomiasis in yujiang county, Jiangxi.
"Party organizations", "scientists" and "people" are still the best combination to overcome the epidemic.
This is not only methodology, but also values.
Shortly after the founding of New China, the level of plague prevention and control in China has made a qualitative leap. At that time, China was in full swing. Unlike today, it was the second largest economy in the world, with the most complete industrial system and advanced medical level. Why did it make a qualitative leap? In short, it solves the problem of "for whom" in medical and health care.
For who? People!
After the founding of New China, four major policies of medical and health undertakings that have influenced the present day were quickly determined: first, the medical and health system serves the workers, peasants and soldiers; Second, prevention first; Third, the combination of Chinese and western medicine; Fourth, combine health work with mass movements. At that time, New China was one of the few countries in the world that chose a medical model different from that of the West, and developed a public health system with great innovation: it mainly relied on low-skilled medical workers who could be trained in a short time; Developed labor-intensive rather than capital-intensive medical technology; Emphasis on prevention and primary health care; Focus on the implementation of public health plans, rather than simply focusing on individual health.
This is determined by the nature of the Communist Party of China (CPC): the mass view is the fundamental view of Marxist political parties, the people are the creators of history, and the people are not only the creators of material wealth and spiritual wealth, but also the decisive force for social change. Only by relying on the people can we build a new China.
The Communist Party of China (CPC) is a faithful inheritor of China’s excellent traditional culture. In the process of promoting the continuous China of Marxism, he strives to realize the organic integration of Marxism and China’s excellent culture. However, compared with the "people-oriented" thought of Confucian culture, the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s mass view is not at the same level.
Confucian culture puts forward that "the people are the foundation of the country", comparing the people to water, and "water can carry a boat or overturn it". Mencius even said that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the least". In the final analysis, it is to persuade the monarch to mainly implement "benevolent government" so that the opposition between the monarch and the people is not sharpened, and the essence is still based on the opposition between "monarch" and "people".
马克思主义群众史观则强调“人民群众主体地位”,中国共产党源自人民,除了最广大人民的利益,没有自己特殊的利益,党和人民两者不是对立的,而是一致的、统一的。
在中国这样一个地域广大、人口众多的国家,面对重大疾病尤其是瘟疫,只有人民战争,才能取胜。早在1933年,毛泽东同志就在《长冈乡调查》一文中指出:“疾病是苏区中一大仇敌,因为它减弱我们的力量。如长冈乡一样,发动广大群众的卫生运动,减少疾病以至消灭疾病,是每个乡苏维埃的责任。”新中国成立后,人民当家作主,有了战胜重大疫病的举国家行动基础,面对肆虐中国几千年的血吸虫病,毛泽东就提出:“全党动员,全民动员,消灭血吸虫病。”
爱国卫生运动的开展,彰显了中国共产党发动群众的强大能力。北平和平解放之后,成为北京之前,摆在中国共产党人面前的,是一个垃圾遍地、臭气熏天的破败古都,当时的天安门广场,坑洼不平,肮脏不堪,天安门城楼则墙皮翻卷,砖瓦剥蚀,墙头长着随风摇摆的野草,地上铺着厚厚的鸽粪“地毯”……
1949年9月10日,在距离开国大典还有20天之际,北京多所大学、中学的青年学生以及广场周围的干部群众等6000多人,来到天安门广场,用锄头、铁锹除草铲土,用双手搬开阻碍交通的石块,填平路面上的坑坑洼洼,清除多年遗留的渣土,平整碾压出能够容纳16万人的大广场……几乎一夜之间,天安门广场迅速变了模样。这就是群众的力量!
20世纪50年代,在中央防疫委员会的领导下,全国各地迅速掀起了群众性卫生运动的新高潮,即“除四害运动”。运动规模之大,参加人数之多,收效之显著,都是空前的。据统计,仅半年里,全国就清除垃圾1500多万吨,疏通渠道28万公里,新建改建厕所490万个,改建水井130万眼,共扑鼠4400多万只,消灭蚊、蝇、蚤共200多万斤。此外,还填平了一大批污水坑塘,广大城乡的卫生面貌有了不同程度的改善。老舍先生据此写出了《龙须沟》,龙须沟之前是北平的一条臭水沟,周边聚居着大量贫苦百姓。
In June, 1953, the propaganda team of patriotic health campaign committee Branch of Qianchao Noodles Hutong was explaining to the masses how mosquitoes and flies spread diseases. Source: Mao Songyou | Xinhua News Agency
The vast rural areas have long been weak areas for epidemic prevention in China. After the founding of New China, Mao Zedong proposed: "Put the focus of medical and health work in rural areas." The lack of medical care and medicine in rural areas has changed rapidly. For thousands of years, the so-called "imperial power didn’t go to the countryside", but the Communist Party of China (CPC) has completed an unprecedented, extensive and profound social reconstruction and mobilization with the trend of plowing and sweeping holes, which has been affecting to this day.
In the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic, the grassroots quickly mobilized, and the broad masses of people were aware of the overall situation, United as one, and helped each other, showing the world the real power of China.
"Long live the people" is more than a slogan. It’s truth.
Looking back at the history of the Chinese nation’s confrontation with the plague, we can not only see the cruelty and bitterness, but also feel the "warmth and respect" for history that Mr. Qian Mu, a great historian, said.
钱穆先生在《中国文化精神》中说:“在此七十年中,便有人说过,‘中国不亡,是无天理’。但生命中有感情,便是一‘天理’。我将换一句话说,‘中国人不爱中国,则是无天理’。世界各民族都如此,不是只有中国人如此。”
是的,中国人生活在这片土地上,怎么不爱中国?有这样热爱这片土地、热爱这个国家的中国人,瘟疫又怎么可能压垮中华民族!
参考资料:
1.《明史》(张廷玉中华书局)
2.《旧唐书》(刘昫中华书局)
3.《隋书》(魏征中华书局)
4.《三千年疫情》(张剑光江西高校出版社)
5.《中国救荒史》(邓拓三联书店)
6.《枪炮、病菌与钢铁》(贾雷德·戴蒙德(美)上海译文出版社)
7.《毛泽东年谱》(中央文献出版社)
8.《中国通史》(金兆丰中国工人出版社)
9.《毛泽东与我国的卫生防疫事业》(李洪河党的文献,2011年第2期)
10.《开国大典:周恩来选天安门作阅兵地》(杨丽娟,北京日报,2019年9月)
11.《武汉一九三一年水灾问题救济研究》(章博华中师范大学,2002年)
原标题:《瘟疫无法压垮中华民族,秘密就藏在这几个字中……》