Guangming Daily reporter Han Xianyang

　　Russian President Vladimir Putin delivered a televised speech in the early morning of February 24, announcing the launch of special military operations in Donbass, but said that he had no plans to occupy Ukraine. Ukrainian President Zelensky announced later that day that Ukraine would sever diplomatic relations with Russia. At this point, Russia and Ukraine met with each other.

　　Different from many war scenes after World War II, this war was launched in two countries with Slavic nationality as the main body. It should be said that the Ukrainian issue has its complicated historical latitude and longitude, and the evolution of the situation is the result of the joint action of various factors. Some sober strategists believe that the eastward expansion of NATO by the United States and the West, which continues the Cold War mentality, is the chief culprit in detonating the Ukrainian crisis.

Street view of Kiev, Ukraine, taken on February 24th. Xinhua news agency

On February 24, local residents in Donetsk looked at the damaged houses. Xinhua news agency

　　1. Russian-Ukrainian friendship has been the mainstream for thousands of years.

　　Slavs are a nation in Eurasia, divided into Eastern Slavs, Western Slavs and Yugoslavia. Today, the main ethnic groups in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine belong to Eastern Slavs.

　　Around the 10th century, East Slavic tribes combined to form the Gulos tribe. In order to change the fragmented situation of internal strife, the Eastern Slavs recruited Ryurik, the leader of Varyag people from Northern Europe, and entered Novgorod, which is located between Moscow and St. Petersburg today. In 862, the Eastern Slavs established the first Russian kingdom in Novgorod-the Lyurik Dynasty. Since then, Ryurik, the Grand Duke of Novgorod, has continued to go inland and controlled some cities along the Dnieper River, including Kiev. They established a Slavic country and began to slavize themselves. After Ryurik’s death in 879, his successor Oleg led the Varyag people to occupy Kiev in 882, and successively conquered some surrounding areas, and established the Russian Principality with Kiev as its capital, which was called "Kiev Ross" or Gulos in history.

　　Tracing back to the history of Russia and Ukraine is undoubtedly inextricably linked. In this regard, Zhang Jianhua, a famous historian in China and the author of Russian History, regarded Kiev Ross as an inheritance relationship with the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation and included it in the "General History of Russia".

　　During the 12th-14th century, the Gulos tribe, a feudal separatist regime, gradually split into three branches: Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. From the 14th century, Ukrainians began to break away from Gulos and form a single nation with unique language, culture and living customs.

　　In 1648, the Cossacks in Ukraine could not bear Polish-Lithuanian rule, and a great uprising broke out, which was suppressed by the Polish army. In 1654, Khmelnitski, the Ukrainian Cossack leader who assessed the situation, requested Russian protection and signed the Treaty of Peleyaslav with the Russian Tsar, asking the Tsar to rule eastern Ukraine. Since then, Dongwu, located on the left bank of Dnieper River, has formally merged with the Russian Empire, opening the alliance period between Ukraine and Russia. Throughout the empire, Russians generally call themselves "big Russia", accounting for 44%, while Ukraine is called "little Russia", accounting for 18%.

　　To celebrate the "300th anniversary of the alliance between Ukraine and Russian brothers", Khrushchev, then leader of the Soviet Union, led the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union to pass a resolution in 1954, giving the Crimean Peninsula, which was included in the territory of the Russian Empire as early as 1783, from the hands of the Russian Soviet Socialist Federal Republic as a "symbol of lasting friendship" to the Republic of Ukraine. At that time, Russia and Ukraine were both Soviet republics. In the final analysis, the territory change of Crimea was carried out in one country, and it did not cause a big wave.

　　In the late 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian kingdom, which ruled western Ukraine, became a vassal state of the Russian Empire. By the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire, together with Austria and Prussia, had carved up all the territory of Poland-Lithuania and incorporated the whole Ukraine into Russian territory. During this period, the eastern and western parts of Ukraine were clearly divided. Among them, there is little difference between eastern Ukraine and Russians who believe in the Orthodox Church and have been merged with Russia for more than 100 years. The western Ukraine, which believes in Catholicism and has been a part of the Polish-Lithuanian kingdom for more than 100 years, is dissatisfied with the rule of Russia and has repeatedly broken out with the Eastern Orthodox Christians.

　　In 1917, the February Revolution and the October Revolution broke out in Russia, which were regarded by Ukrainian national independents as a godsend opportunity for their independence and the People’s Republic of Ukraine was established. Soon after, the Bolsheviks also established the "Ukrainian Soviet Republic" in the east. The People’s Republic of Ukraine, which could not resist the attack of the Soviet Red Army, took refuge in Germany, attacked Soviet Russia and occupied Kiev. Since then, the Soviet Red Army has defeated Petlyura Army, Vrangel Army and Machno Army, and Ukraine has become a political entity again. According to Lenin’s suggestion, the Ukrainian Soviet Republic joined the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a country in 1922 and became one of the founding countries of the Soviet Union.

　　During the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, Kiev, Odessa, Sevastopol and other "hero cities" and groups bravely fighting Nazi Germany emerged in Ukraine, and many of them chose to cooperate with Germany to become "Soviet traitors", and even tens of thousands of Ukrainians joined the SS. After the war, although the contradiction between Russia and Ukraine has eased, the psychological rift has always been lingering.

　　2. The United States and NATO use Ukraine to "contain Russia" and "weaken Russia"

　　On December 8, 1991, in the official residence of the Viskuli government in Belovezh forest in the Republic of Belarus, leaders from the three Soviet republics of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States, declaring that "the Soviet Union has ceased to exist as a subject of international law and a geopolitical entity".

　　Russian strategists and historians generally believe that the disintegration of the Soviet Union 30 years ago was due to a series of domestic policy mistakes made by the party and state leaders, and the western countries led by the United States could not escape. In this process, the destructive activities carried out by Washington found partners within the Soviet Union and were carried out by so-called "dissidents". More accurately, the Soviet Union was not "disintegrated" by itself, but was "destroyed", and foreign forces played a key role in this process.

　　After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States and the West celebrated each other. Brzezinski, former national security assistant to the President of the United States, once proudly said in "The Big Chess": "An expanded and democratic Europe must be an endless historical process and should not be limited by geography that is arbitrarily smeared in politics." He further said that if Russia wants to avoid being dangerously isolated in geopolitics, it must deal with an enlarged transatlantic EU and NATO.

　　Brzezinski also reminded the American government at that time that, from the geopolitical point of view, losing Ukraine has a decisive influence on Russia, because it greatly limits its geostrategic choice … Losing Ukraine and its more than 52 million Slavs, any attempt by Moscow to rebuild the Eurasian Empire may plunge Russia into a lasting conflict with non-Slavs who have awakened in nationality and religion … Because the birth rate in Russia is declining and the population in Central Asia is increasing sharply, any new Eurasian Empire without Ukraine is only based on Russian power.

　　In the past 30 years, the United States and NATO have constantly used the Ukrainian issue to stimulate Russia. Despite the constant discord, the forbearing Russia and Ukraine, which still have pro-Russian forces, can still maintain normal state relations in the first 20 years. From 2013 to 2014, the "color revolution" that broke out in Ukraine fundamentally changed Russia-Ukraine relations.

　　On November 21, 2013, the then Ukrainian President Yanukovych announced that he would suspend the signing of the contact country agreement aimed at strengthening trade relations with the EU, and instead sought closer cooperation with Russia. The United States and Europe supported the opposition to set off a wave of protests and overthrew Yanukovych’s regime. In this process, the US government made no secret of its support for the "color revolution". At that time, Assistant Secretary of State Newland distributed cookies to the protesters occupying the central square of Kiev to support the opposition.

　　During the two presidencies of poroshenko and Zelensky, the United States and NATO increased their infiltration into Ukraine. Through all kinds of conditional assistance, in the name of fighting corruption, the United States not only actively supports "anti-Russian" and "pro-American" forces, controls Ukraine’s strategic economic sector, but also exerts a key influence on Ukraine’s judicial circles.

　　What makes Russia feel at ease most is that the United States has not stopped the process of promoting Ukraine’s substantive "entry into the treaty" for a day. The "real but nameless" base established by NATO countries such as the United States and Britain on Ukrainian territory is the direct cause of Russia’s showdown with Ukraine, the United States and NATO.

　　According to media reports, NATO countries have so far established nine secret military bases in Yavorov, Lviv, Odessa, Mihailovka, Aleshki, Kherson, Xiaoliubasha, Rovno, goncharov Skoye, Chernigov, Zimenyi Island on the Black Sea, Mari upor, Donetsk and Shostka, Sumei, with thousands of military personnel. In these secret bases, the United States, Britain, Latvia and other countries sent instructors to train Ukrainian troops according to NATO standards; The United States has built the Ochakov Ship Combat Control Center for Ukraine and a naval base for NATO troops in the future; The US Department of Defense sent "transnational threat experts" to train Ukrainian security agents to engage in sabotage activities against Russia; At the 73rd Maritime Special Operations Center in Ochakov, MI 6 organized a three-week training course for the Military Diplomacy College of the General Intelligence Department of the Ukrainian Ministry of National Defense.

　　In addition to building a military base against Russia and strengthening military cooperation in Ukraine, NATO has also provided Ukraine with weapons, ammunition, warships, heavy equipment, radars and other military technical equipment needed to wage war in the past few years.

　　3. The United States and the West treat Russia’s security concerns negatively

　　In fact, the International Affairs Committee of the famous Russian think tank predicted the "five endings" of the Ukrainian crisis as early as last October. First, Russia gave up its national interests and "yielded" to NATO as it did in the 1990s. Second, the relationship between Russia and NATO will be frozen at the current level, which is reflected in the situation in eastern Ukraine. The United States and NATO will restrain Kiev’s behavior and avoid a large-scale exchange of fire on the Donbass contact line. Third, the relationship between Russia and the United States and the West has further deteriorated. The Ukrainian government has diverted domestic contradictions intensified by rising energy prices through a local conflict, and Russia has been forced to copy the "Crimea model" to promote Donbass’ independence and even "entry into Russia" through a referendum. Fourth, Ukraine’s domestic contradictions have intensified and the political situation has been turbulent. Russia supports the Ukrainian armed forces to completely occupy Donbass and encourages the eastern and southeastern States of Ukraine to leave. Ukraine is facing dismemberment. Fifth, global reconstruction, that is, Russia and NATO launched an all-round confrontation. One result is that Donbass and even the whole of Ukraine will be merged into Russia.

　　Obviously, the Ukrainian crisis is moving towards the most extreme fifth scenario. But in fact, if the United States and NATO took Russia’s security concerns seriously, the Ukrainian crisis would not have developed to such a situation.

　　In the past two months, Russia, the United States and NATO have pursued two goals in the game over Ukraine, namely, the "big goal" of forcing the West to provide security for Russia and the "small goal" of implementing the new Minsk agreement according to Russia’s requirements.

　　On December 15th, last year, faced with the grim external situation of "no retreat" and the sudden increase in the risk of misfiring on the Ukrainian issue, Russia submitted two drafts, namely, the Agreement on Ensuring Security Measures between the Russian Federation and NATO Member States and the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America, to NATO and the United States respectively. From January 10 to 13, Russia held intensive dialogues with the United States and NATO on a series of security issues, such as the situation in Ukraine and NATO’s eastward expansion, and expounded Russia’s security concerns and European security vision at the special meeting of the Permanent Council of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). However, Russia’s core concerns such as clearly drawing a "red line" and putting forward the principle of "indivisible security" have been ignored by the United States and NATO. The United States and NATO shifted the focus of security dialogue from the political level to the military technology field, and put forward specific issues such as restoring the Intermediate-Range Missile Treaty, restricting military exercises and military deployment, enhancing the transparency of exercises, and resuming diplomatic missions between Russia and NATO.

　　The New Minsk Agreement is a series of measures to implement the Minsk Agreement signed by Germany, France, Ukraine and Russia in the capital of Belarus in 2015. It has been unanimously recognized by the UN Security Council Resolution 2202 and has become the key to deal with the Udon Donbass issue, which should be fully and effectively implemented by all parties concerned. However, most of the terms in the agreement have not been really implemented. In this process, the United States and Europe, which have influence on the Ukrainian government, did not play a constructive role, but did nothing.

　　On February 24th, Russia launched a special military operation in Donbass, and the Ukrainian crisis was detonated.

　　Now, the United States and NATO are afraid to avoid scenes that may be involved. US President Biden immediately stated that he was "monitoring the situation in Ukraine at the White House", and his spokesman reiterated that he would not send troops to Ukraine under any circumstances.

　　On the 25th, Ukrainian President Zelensky said that the West had completely abandoned Ukraine. He said that leaders of 27 European countries have been asked whether Ukraine can join NATO, but no reply has been received.

　　A Russian strategist vividly compared the Ukrainian crisis scene to reporters: 30 years ago, two brothers, Russia and Ukraine, separated. At first, although the two families had quarrels from time to time, they were still at peace. At this time, NATO and the United States, a third party with the mission of "containing Russia" and "weakening Russia", joined in, encouraging the younger brother to oppose his brother everywhere every day, and even using his younger brother’s home as a fortress against his brother. When my brother was furious, NATO and the United States, the third party, ran away.

　　Wu Dahui, vice president of Russian Research Institute in Tsinghua University, elaborated on the current Russian-Ukrainian crisis quite incisively. He believes that NATO’s eastward expansion cannot maintain peace and stability in Europe and is not conducive to long-term stability in Europe. NATO’s promise not to accept Ukraine could have prevented a war, but the United States and Europe did not. This fully reflects the stupidity of the European leadership in not knowing the current situation. The American leadership hopes to use this crisis to achieve the "bad" of "eating" living in Russia, "sandwiching" living in Europe and "watching" living in economic interests. Thus, a war that could have been avoided was ignited in Ukraine.

　　Ukraine, which should be a bridge between the East and the West, has now become the frontier of great power confrontation. The deterioration of the situation in Ukraine and the fact that the United States and NATO pursue the Cold War mentality to provoke confrontation and only care about interests without morality are enough for those forces who are willing to be pawns and pawns of hegemonic countries to think twice.

　　Guangming Daily (February 26, 2022, 08 edition)

Source: Guangming Net-Guangming Daily

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Mr. Su Bai (August 3, 1922 ~ February 1, 2018) was the founder of the archaeological discipline system in China, the pioneer of Buddhist archaeology in China and archaeological education in New China, and made outstanding academic contributions in the fields of archaeology, urban archaeology, tomb archaeology, religious archaeology, architectural archaeology, printing archaeology and edition science in China. In 2016, he won the Lifetime Achievement Award of the first China Archaeological Society.

August 3rd, 2022 is the 100th birthday of Mr. Su Bai. The Paper learned that the "Symposium on the Construction of Yungang Studies and the 100th Anniversary of Mr. Su Bai’s Birth" was held in Datong City, Shanxi Province from August 3rd to August 5th. The conference will focus on three aspects: the construction of Yungang studies, Buddhist archaeology and Mr. Su Bai’s academic achievements and research.

"Mr. Su Bai, on his own, has expanded many fields of archaeology in the historical period, including cities, tombs, handicrafts, religious remains, ancient architecture, Chinese-foreign exchanges and edition catalogues, etc. Mr. has created or expanded, and his later studies have been able to follow the path. This is a comprehensive and objective evaluation of Mr. Su Bai’s scholarship. Mr. Su Bai’s life was accompanied by the occurrence and development of archaeology in China. He explored a set of research methods of historical archaeology rooted in China’s traditional historiography from a large number of case studies, which laid the basic research paradigm and academic character of historical archaeology. Reviewing Mr. Su Bai’s academic methods is not only a memory of the deceased, but also a need for discipline development. " Li Meitian, a professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of History of Renmin University of China, said.

Mr. Su Bai (August 3, 1922-February 1, 2018)

On August 3rd, under the guidance of Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, Datong Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and Datong Municipal People’s Government, Yungang Research Institute, Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture, and China Archaeological and Religious Archaeological Committee jointly sponsored the "Academic Seminar on Yungang Studies Construction and the 100th Anniversary of Mr. Su Bai’s Birth" held in Datong.

The seminar is divided into two parts. In the first half, presided over by Sun Hua, Anjiayao, Yang Hong and Li Yuqun gave speeches entitled Mr. Su Bai and Urban Archaeology, Mr. Su Jigeng and I, and From Yecheng to Jinyang-Restoration of a Stolen Beiqi Grottoes on Guhuguan Road. The second half was presided over by Li Yuqun, and Li Chongfeng, Wei Zhengzhong and Zhang Qingjie gave speeches entitled Mr. Su Bai and Buddhist Archaeology, Rethinking about the Central Pillar Cave, and Investigation of the gatekeeper of Yungang Grottoes.

Mr. Su Bai (August 3, 1922-February 1, 2018) was born in Shenyang, Liaoning Province. He graduated from the Department of History of Peking University, then worked in the Archaeological Teaching and Research Section of Peking University Institute of Arts and Sciences, and worked as a cataloger in Peking University Library. Since 1947, he has been a postgraduate in archaeology at the Institute of Arts and Sciences. In 1952, he served as the deputy director of the Archaeological Teaching and Research Department of Peking University History Department, and was one of the main founders of archaeology in Peking University. In 1978, he was a professor in the history department of Peking University, and in 1981, he was the first batch of doctoral supervisors. In 1982, he helped Mr. Deng Guangming to set up the Peking University Medieval History Research Center, which was one of the main founders. In 1983, the Department of Archaeology of Peking University was established as the head of the department; In the same year, he was hired as a visiting professor at UCLA. In 1979, the Archaeological Society of China was founded, and Mr. Su Bai successively served as the executive director, vice chairman, chairman and honorary chairman of the Archaeological Society of China.

Mr. Su Bai Memorial Exhibition Site

At the same time, the memorial exhibition of Mr. Su Bai shows Mr. Su Bai’s great contribution to the development of archaeology in China with a large number of manuscripts, relics and photos. Through the modules of "I’m just a teacher", "Do my duty as a scholar" and "Yungang Love", Mr. Su Bai’s life-long teaching, scientific research and ways of being a man are fully displayed. At the same time, the exhibition hall reflects Mr. Su Bai’s relationship with Yungang Studies and Mr. Su Bai’s Yungang feelings. Mr. Su Bai cared about the archaeological research and protection of Yungang Grottoes all his life, took students to inspect Yungang Grottoes many times, and still cared about Yungang’s academic career until his later years. He was the actual founder of Yungang studies, laid a solid foundation for the research and development of Yungang studies, and determined the important position of Yungang Grottoes in the study of China grottoes.

In 1955, Mr. Su Bai (fifth from the left in the front row) and the class of 1952 students majoring in archaeology of Peking University History Department practiced in Yungang.

On March 15th, 2022, Mr. Su Bai settled in Yungang.

On March 15th, 2021, Mr Su Bai’s ashes were buried in Yungang Grottoes. Mr. Su Bai cared about the archaeological research and protection of Yungang Grottoes all his life, and he still cared about Yungang’s academic career until his later years. He was the founder of Yungang studies, which laid a solid foundation for the research and development of Yungang studies and confirmed the important position of Yungang Grottoes in the study of China grottoes.

When Mr. Su Bai was studying in Peking University in 1943,

With outstanding academic achievements, Mr. Su Bai is the founder of the archaeological discipline system in China, the pioneer of Buddhist archaeology in China and archaeological education in New China, and has made outstanding academic contributions in the fields of archaeology, urban archaeology, tomb archaeology, religious archaeology, architectural archaeology, printing archaeology and edition science in China. In 2016, he won the Lifetime Achievement Award of the first China Archaeological Society.

Mr. Su Bai is concerned about the protection of cultural relics and historical sites, and has been personally involved in the investigation and archaeological excavation of cultural relics all the year round. He has accumulated a large number of first-hand materials of cultural relics, images and mapping, which has laid a solid foundation for finding out the family background of cultural relics and further protecting and repairing cultural relics and historical sites. In addition, based on the research perspectives of urban archaeology, architectural archaeology and cave temple archaeology, Mr. Su Bai’s academic achievements have also played an important role in the protection of historical and cultural cities, ancient buildings and cave temples.

Mr. Su Bai worked in Xuchang before he went to excavate the tomb of Baisha Song. Source: Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture (pku.edu.cn)

It is reported that Mr. Su Bai has always adhered to the front line of teaching and devoted his life to the cultivation of talents in China’s cultural relics and archaeology. He is the main founder of Peking University’s archaeological discipline. In the 1950s, he directed the teaching of several training courses for archaeologists, and many cultural relics and archaeologists in New China were taught in Yu Xiansheng. Mr. Su Bai was also a visiting professor at UCLA, teaching Buddhist archaeology in China, which had a far-reaching international influence. In his later years, Mr. Su Bai published his life narrative series as six unpublished lecture series of Su Bai, which provided a model for archaeological teaching. In 2013, she won the Peking University Cai Yuanpei Award, which is the highest honor for teachers in Peking University.

Photo taken at the opening ceremony of the first training course for archaeological staff in 1952. Source: Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture (pku.edu.cn)

From 2017 to 2021, the Life, Reading and New Knowledge Joint Bookstore integrated and reprinted Mr. Su’s previous works, and launched "Su Bai Collection" (six kinds). The purpose is to introduce these specialized studies to a wider range of humanities and intellectual circles. They not only have the significance of setting an example in the professional field, but also show their comprehensive grasp of historical issues and Chinese civilization. Since August 1st, the Sanlian Academic Newsletter has pushed five issues one after another, showing Mr. Su’s pioneering and foundation-laying academic career from five aspects: the founder of archaeology in historical period, the pioneer of Buddhist relic archaeology, the encyclopedic scholar who reproduces history with archaeology, and the eternal teacher in archaeological and cultural circles. In order to introduce this great archaeologist to more readers, The Paper specially selected and published the contents.

The founder of archaeology in historical period

Su Bai is the pioneer, founder and master of archaeology in the historical period of China. He not only has his own specialty in cave temples, Buddhist architecture and edition catalogue, but also has been teaching and taking charge of the work in the department since the establishment of the archaeology major of the History Department of Peking University (1952), which has laid the overall pattern and methods of archaeology in the later period and enjoyed a leading position in the professional field.

"Big waves wash sand, don’t look at the present. After a decade or two, who can sink their hearts, then look at these people. A society must have someone to concentrate on learning." Mr Su Bai once said.

Rong Xinjiang, a professor and doctoral supervisor of Peking University History Department, is deeply impressed by Mr. Su’s skill in literature, including his familiarity with editions and stone carving documents.

The best example of Mr. Su’s use of documentary materials to promote archaeological research is the familiar "Rebuilding the Stone Cave Temple Monument on Wuzhou Mountain in Dajin Xijing" written by Cao Yan in the seventh year of Jin Dynasty (1147), which reconstructed the chronological system and later construction history of Yungang Grottoes. "When I read Mr. Su’s related words, the biggest feeling is that the original stone of the Golden Monument has already been destroyed, and even the rubbings don’t exist. However, in the last years of the Yuan Dynasty, when Xiong Zi wrote Analysis of Tianjin, he recorded the inscription on this side. Analysis of Tianjin Records was not published, but when Yongle Dadian was compiled in the early Ming Dynasty, the characters of Analysis of Tianjin Records were copied in different rhymes. By the 12th-14th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1886-1888), Miao Quansun had borrowed from imperial academy the Tian Zi Yun of Yongle Dadian and collected eight volumes of Analysis of Jin Zhi, among which Jinbei was one. Later, the relevant part of Yongle Dadian was destroyed by Gengzi (1900) in Eight-Nation Alliance. Only Miao Quansun’s copy was preserved and entered the library of Peking University through Li Shengduo, and its value was discovered by Mr. Su. Only this lost text, copied and hidden documents, has made people dizzy, not to mention finding that what is recorded in it was originally an important text about Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province, and this text is the historical data of Yungang Grottoes construction that Japanese scholars who have been doing Yungang archaeology for decades have never known. This does not have a certain literary skill, so how can you know each other? " Rong Xinjiang wrote in the article "Compilation of archaeological documents that shake the earth-in memory of Mr. Su Bai".

Mr. Su Bai’s Notes on the Revision of the Annotation of the Golden Monument

Mr. Su Bai’s Notes on the Revision of the Annotation of the Golden Monument

The same example also includes the research on the monument of Li Jun’s Mogao Grottoes, which was originally located on the south side of the front room of Cave 332 in Dunhuang, and the research on the monument of Chang ‘an Map carved by Lv Dafang in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Li Jun Mogao Grottoes Buddhist Shrine Monument

Li Jun Mogao Grottoes Buddhist Shrine Monument

Mr. Su’s familiarity with the treasures of Peking University Library is not limited to documents and stone carvings, but also a small number of Dunhuang and Turpan documents. In the archaeological textbooks published internally, he once mentioned the North Cool Book in Peking University Library, which attracted Mr. Zhu Lei’s attention. With the help of Mr. Su, Zhu Lei got the original in the library of Peking University and wrote Textual Research on the Northern Liangru Book Unearthed in Turpan (Journal of Wuhan University, No.4, 1980). Combining with the same set of documents collected in the library of the Academy of Sciences, he verified that it was the Filial Filial Piety Book in Duxiang, Gaochang County, Beiliang County, which greatly promoted the study of the farmland servitude system in the Sixteen Countries Period, and also contributed to Turpan later. This achievement, which is of great significance to the study of Dunhuang and Turpan, should also be said to be given by Mr. Bai Su.

The pioneer of Buddhist relic archaeology

Mr. Su’s contact with Buddhist archaeology in China is mainly due to his working relationship. In the early 1950s, large-scale construction projects in various places had not yet started, and archaeological work focused on investigating the present situation of cultural relics on the ground. Su Bai participated in several important surveys organized by the Cultural Relics Bureau of the Ministry of Culture: the survey in Yanbei in 1950, the survey in western Liaoning in Northeast China and the survey in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in 1951. "In these investigations, Buddhist relics were the main targets, so I became interested in this work and accumulated some first-hand information." Su Bai once recalled.

In 1952, the Institute of Arts of Peking University, the Cultural Relics Bureau and the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences jointly organized a training course for archaeological staff and the Department of History of Peking University set up an archaeology major. In order to offer the course of archaeology in China, Su Bai was assigned to teach archaeology in the post-Han period. Religious relics are an indispensable part of this period of archaeology, and Buddhist relics are an important part of religious relics, so the assigned work is combined with Mr. Wang’s personal interests.

Cave 20 of Tanyao Cave 5 in Yungang Grottoes

Yungang Grottoes, Cave 17, Cave 5, Tanyao, is a Bodhisattva who crosses the foot in the middle.

Yungang Grottoes, Cave 19, Tanyao Cave 5, a small niche in the west, Sakyamuni Duobao sits in a statue niche.

Su Bai introduced in the article "I and China Buddhist Archaeology" that Buddhist relics can be divided into temple relics and cave temple relics according to different architectural structures; Divided by region and faction, it is mainly the remains of Han Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism. Before the "Cultural Revolution", I focused on the remains of temples in Han Dynasty. After the "Cultural Revolution", the focus was gradually expanded to include both cave temples and Tibetan Buddhist relics, which led to the idea that a more comprehensive and systematic Buddhist archaeology in China should be considered.

In addition to the remains of monasteries and cave temples, Buddhist archaeology should also include all kinds of Buddhist relics, such as statues, statues, instruments and related scrolls and documents found in various places. Some of these relics can no longer be attached to a relic, and some have been disturbed and mixed for a long time although they know where they belong. The former is like a product handed down from the early years, and the latter is like the discovery of grottoes in the northwest since this century, among which the discovery of the Buddhist scriptures in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in 1900 is the most important. Various relics, mainly scriptures, have been found in the Tibetan Sutra Cave. From the perspective of Buddhist archaeology in Dunhuang, I’m afraid their importance is no less than the study of ancient documents, because these relics are also the basic materials to understand the contents of the caves in Mogao Grottoes and the history of Dunhuang area since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, including the history of Buddhism.

Mr. Su Bai in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes (1962)

Archaeology of cave temples is one of the historical archaeological problems that Mr. Su Bai has been thinking about for a long time. Su Bai spent a lot of time to study and promote the archaeological investigation and research of China Cave Temple. Mr. Su Bai thinks that the archaeology of cave temples should first discuss the chronology, stages and nature, and then further discuss its social nature. Therefore, it is the most important link to pay attention to the shape, layout, grouping and image of caves, and to investigate and record the combination of various themes and the characteristics of sculptures. The basis of archaeology is stratigraphy and typology, and the archaeological records of cave temples are equivalent to stratigraphy of archaeology. The archaeological records of cave temples are not general investigation records, but the highest standard it should achieve is that after the archaeological objects are destroyed, they can be restored according to the investigation records. This is especially important for the grotto remains, because the life of the grotto can’t last forever, it will disappear bit by bit and eventually be completely destroyed. The destruction of Bamiyan Grottoes in Afghanistan fully highlights the importance of detailed archaeological investigation.

In 2004, Mr Su Bai (right) was in Longmen Grottoes.

"In a series of pioneering work carried out by Mr. Su Bai, almost every book of his marks a new starting point of Buddhist archaeology, from which we can learn a lot, such as the angle of asking questions, the methods of solving problems and reliable and unnoticed materials and information. He will easily grasp the essence of the problem and discuss it, and the debate with Chang Guangmin Xiong fully highlights his talent. Today, decades later, these works are still classic works in the academic field, such as Research on China Cave Temple, Archaeology of Tibetan Buddhist Temple and even the famous Seven Lectures on Dunhuang. " Luo Feng, School of Cultural Heritage of Northwest University, and Li Zhirong, School of Art and Archaeology of Zhejiang University, commented in the article "Archaeological Investigation of Cave Temples in Su Bai and China" that "Mr. Su Bai’s thoughts on archaeological investigation of grottoes are comprehensive, and the methods are specific and detailed. Even in the past 50 years, due to technological progress, some too difficult measurements have become relatively simple. However, the specific operation methods and concerns required by Mr. Su Bai still have practical guiding significance, or we still have not reached the level required by Mr. Su. "

Reproduce history by archaeology: city sites, tombs and cultural heritage

Mr. Su Bai loved history and culture all his life, and he was still very concerned about the living conditions of cultural heritage in his later years. In the summer of 2009, Dan Jixiang, then director of National Cultural Heritage Administration, received a sincere letter from Mr. Su Bai, in which he wrote, "I was deeply saddened to hear that the ancient hydropower station in Yunnan will be built and will completely flood the salt field of Mangkang Salt Well in Xizang!" Mr. Su Bai appealed: "In view of the importance of Mangkang Yanjing Yantian in southwest China in history, culture, cultural relics, landscape, nature, nationality, religion and other aspects, as well as its huge potential heritage and cultural relics value, especially as an existing living history, it is extremely rare in the world today. Therefore, in any case, we should protect this precious heritage of the Chinese nation responsibly. "

The ancient salt field of Mangkang Salt Well in Xizang, located on the east and west banks of Lancang River, is the only place in China that keeps the original way of drying salt by hand. In the past, Mangkang Salt Well was the main channel for political, economic and cultural exchanges between Tibet and China, and it was also one of the important post stations of the ancient tea-horse road.

With Mr. Su Bai’s great trust, Dan Jixiang immediately embarked on a trip to investigate the protection status of the salt field in Mangkang Salt Well, Xizang. Mangkang, Xizang, is located in the Lancang River Basin, with mountains on both sides trending north and south, and a canyon landform dominated by high mountains and deep valleys is formed in the region.

"During the inspection, we have a certain understanding of the rich local culture and natural landscape, the diversity of local ethnic composition, religious beliefs and cultural features, and the historical and cultural changes in Yanjing area for thousands of years. In particular, although Mangkang Yanjing Yantian has a long history of thousands of years, it is still inherited by local Tibetans and Naxi people and is a typical living cultural heritage. " Dan Jixiang wrote in the article "Mr. Su’s Appeal Saved the Unique Mangkang Yanjing Yantian", "At the cultural heritage site, we held a symposium on the protection of Mangkang Yanjing Yantian, and put forward requirements for the protection of Yanjing Yantian site and heritage environment."

Aerial photo of ancient Yantian in Xizang Mangkang Yanjing (partial)

Back in Beij, National Cultural Heritage Administration immediately wrote to that Yunnan provincial government and the Xizang Autonomous Region municipal government, explicitly demanding that the implementation of the reservoir construction scheme be stop, and that the precious cultural heritage of Mangkang Yanjing Yantian must not be destroyed due to the reservoir construction, and at the same time, Mangkang Yanjing Yantian should be included in the cultural relics protection unit. After some efforts, we got replies from Yunnan and Xizang, and promised to stop reservoir construction, implement overall protection for the salt field of Mangkang Salt Well, and declare it to the national key cultural relics protection units.

(This article is compiled from Yungang Grottoes, Sanlian Academic Newsletter, Qingyuan Cultural Heritage, Wenbo Shanxi and other related materials in WeChat official account. )

　　CCTV News:The three-day 2024 World New Energy Vehicle Conference closed in Haikou, Hainan on September 29th. The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Commerce said that from a new historical starting point, China should devote itself to accelerating international cooperation in the industrial chain and supply chain of new energy vehicles.

　　According to the Ministry of Commerce, in recent years, the foreign trade scale of new energy vehicles in China has been expanding. 1-mdash in 2024; In July, China’s automobile exports climbed to 3.485 million, including more than 1 million new energy vehicles. At the same time, the internationalization of new energy vehicles in China has just started, and international cooperation should be strengthened.

　　Ling Ji, Vice Minister of Commerce, said that the Ministry of Commerce will, as always, uphold the attitude of openness and cooperation, jointly promote the international cooperation of new energy vehicles, and jointly safeguard the security and stability of the international industrial chain and supply chain.

　　In addition to the continuous expansion of trade scale, the overseas investment momentum of China’s new energy automobile industry is also increasingly strong. The data shows that in 2023, the foreign direct investment of China’s automobile manufacturing industry was 5.59 billion US dollars. 1-mdash in 2024; In August, this figure has reached $2.64 billion, a year-on-year increase of 50.8%. In the future, the Ministry of Commerce will continue to actively promote the integrated development of foreign trade and foreign investment, and vigorously support the rational and orderly international layout of new energy automobile enterprises in China.

　　People in the industry are generally optimistic about achieving the goal.

　　At the first World New Energy Vehicle Conference in 2019, it was proposed that the global market share of new energy vehicles should reach 50% by 2035. At the conference in 2024, the reporter also interviewed many people in the industry, and they were generally optimistic about the realization of this goal.

　　This person from the British Embassy in China said that he is very optimistic about the goal of 2035 proposed by the conference.

　　Wei Shanda, Counsellor of Climate Change, Energy, Environment and International Development of the British Embassy in China, said that they hope to realize the overall plan of zero emission of automobiles. In order to achieve this goal, technological innovation and close cooperation between governments are needed.

　　The participant in the United States also said that the electrification transformation of the global automobile industry needs to strengthen cooperation between countries.

　　John Baesel, President and CEO of California Clean Transportation Technology and Solutions International Organization, said that he believes that it depends more on the macro-level promotion between governments than on the cooperation between industries in various countries.

　　The president of the German Automobile Industry Association said that at present, there are more than 1.5 billion fuel vehicles in the world. Countries around the world need to further develop technology and strive to achieve zero carbon dioxide emission of vehicles.

　　Muller, president of the German Automobile Industry Association, said that they are convinced that electric transportation is the main focus of rapid development. She hopes that all countries will set common standards to promote the development of the global market in an environment without tariffs and barriers.

　　The relevant person in charge of the International Clean Transportation Committee said that at least two-thirds of the global automobile market is actively improving the penetration rate of new energy vehicles, and strive to achieve the goal of 50% market sales by 2035.

　　Rui Miarez, director of the heavy vehicle project of the International Clean Transportation Committee, said that in addition to the mainstream new energy vehicle market, other emerging new energy vehicle markets have great growth potential.

　　Achieving 50% of the target technological innovation iteration is the key.

　　It is understood that in addition to strengthening global cooperation, as far as automobile products are concerned, continuous technological innovation and iterative progress to solve the pain points of consumers are an important factor in achieving the goal of 50% global market share by 2035.

　　The relevant person in charge of this independent automobile brand introduced that they have already invested heavily in power batteries, chips, intelligent cockpits, satellite communications, etc. The displayed short knife battery can withstand the simultaneous acupuncture test of eight needles.

　　According to the China Society of Automotive Engineering, it is the continuous technological progress of independent new energy automobile brands in China that makes the products continuously enhance their competitiveness and drive the development of the global market.

　　Hou Fushen, secretary-general of China Automotive Engineering Society, said that in the first eight months of 2024, the global sales of new energy vehicles had exceeded 10 million, up 20% year-on-year, and the market share had also increased to 18%. Once the market share breaks through the key turning point of 10%, it will enter a new stage of accelerating the popularization of new energy vehicles.

　　Hu Wei, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference: Broaden the coverage of quality inclusive education resources.

　　This year’s government work report proposes to make greater strides in education equity and better solve the problem of schooling for children of migrant workers. Hu Wei, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and deputy director of Shanghai China Vocational Education Association, said that in recent years, with the great attention and vigorous promotion of the Party and the government, China’s basic education reform and development and educational equity have made great achievements. However, for various reasons, there are still some problems. So that every child can enjoy a fair and quality education, we should innovate the supply mode of public education services and expand the supply of quality education resources.

　　Commissioner Hu Wei said that although the popularization level of basic education has been greatly improved, the supply of regional educational resources is unbalanced, the quality of education between urban and rural areas and between schools is still quite different, and the supply of high-quality educational resources is still insufficient, especially for the children of migrant workers. There are still shortcomings, which is related to whether educational equity can be truly implemented and should be paid attention to by the whole society.

　　Commissioner Hu Wei said that in order for every child to enjoy the opportunity to shine in life, the supply channels and coverage of high-quality and inclusive education resources should be broadened. It is suggested that the layout planning of urban and rural schools should be compiled according to the size of permanent residents, and the supply of urban degrees should be expanded in an orderly manner to achieve full coverage of basic public services for education.

　　"At the same time, we should explore new modes of cooperation and improve the efficiency of educational resource allocation. Break through institutional barriers, give play to the radiation leading role of high-quality schools and excellent teachers, build a high-quality resource exchange mechanism among different types of schools, improve the management level and development quality of basic education as a whole, and promote educational resources to benefit students from different family backgrounds, including children of migrant workers. " Commissioner Hu Wei said. (Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter Zhu Wei)

　　Xu Ziqiang, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference: Enhance the ability of urban and rural residents to resist disease risks.

　　"This year’s government work report is a pragmatic and inspiring report, and it is also a report that is grounded and boosts morale." Xu Ziqiang, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and director of the emergency department of the First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, said that the government’s work report proposed to increase the per capita financial subsidy standard for residents’ medical insurance to 30 yuan, which is a real "red envelope" given by the government to urban and rural residents. The medical insurance fund pool is composed of individual contributions, government subsidies and other incomes. The more participants, the more government financial subsidies and the greater the total amount of the medical insurance fund pool. In recent years, China has gradually realized the "three guarantees in one", that is, the unification of the basic medical insurance for urban workers, the medical insurance for urban residents and the new rural cooperative medical system (new rural cooperative medical system). At the same time, the National Medical Insurance Bureau has been established, and the universal medical insurance has made substantial progress.

　　Commissioner Xu Ziqiang pointed out that there are still some farmers who are unwilling to participate in the new rural cooperative medical system. However, the poorer the family, the more they should join the new rural cooperative medical system, because they have no ability to resist the risk of disease. The new rural cooperative medical system has undoubtedly added a guarantee to their lives.

　　This year’s two sessions, Committee member Xu Ziqiang submitted a proposal on medical insurance, suggesting the implementation of the compulsory new rural cooperative medical system (some local farmers and urban residents are merged into basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents), and according to the regional economic development, medical insurance fees should be paid in three different grades in the western, central and eastern coastal areas, and reimbursement should be treated equally, thus playing the role of "helping the rich and helping the poor". (Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter Chang Li)

　　Yao Jinbo, deputy to the National People’s Congress: Increase supply so that new citizens can afford to rent houses.

　　This year’s government work report proposes to standardize the development of the long-term rental market. At the same time, the government work report once again clearly insists that the house is for living, not for speculation. Yao Jinbo, deputy to the National People’s Congress and CEO of 58 City, believes that long-term renting apartments is a more suitable way for young people to live after they leave campus and before buying a house. In fact, the rental transition has become the choice of most young people.

　　Regarding the continuous operation of long-term rental apartments, the representative of Yao Jinbo thought that three aspects should be done well. The first is to ensure the safety of funds. It is necessary to improve the fund supervision system of long-term rental institutions, rectify the high-risk business behavior of leasing enterprises, guard against systemic financial risks, and ensure the healthy and orderly operation of the industry.

　　Second, continue to increase the effective supply of housing, and tilt to the new citizen groups. Guide local governments to introduce policies such as income tax reduction and exemption for personal rental income, encourage residents to rent idle houses through legal rental agencies for a long time, activate potential houses, and improve the utilization rate of existing houses. In particular, it is necessary to increase the supply of long-term rental housing in first-and second-tier hotspot cities and hotspots, stabilize housing prices, and let the people afford to rent a house and rent a good house.

　　The third is to steadily promote the landing of "lease and purchase with the same rights" and fully protect the rights and interests of renters. Government departments should ensure that renters and buyers enjoy equal treatment in social welfare and children’s education. This will also help more young people to change their thinking on housing issues and choose a more diverse and more suitable way of living, rather than having to buy a house. (Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter Zhang Qian)

　　Zhang Dongyun, deputy to the National People’s Congress: Building a comprehensive support system for aged care services.

　　The new measures of people’s livelihood in this year’s government work report are of concern. How to better develop the old-age care industry and deal with the aging population is a problem facing China’s current economic and social development.

　　Zhang Dongyun, deputy to the National People’s Congress and director of the Anhui Provincial Department of Civil Affairs, pointed out that the demand for old-age care services in China is increasing, and the corresponding development of old-age care services is still in the transition period from traditional all-round protection to basic public services. The mature and stereotyped service system structure and industry management pattern have not yet been formed, and the total supply of old-age care services is insufficient, with poor quality and inaccurate supply.

　　Deputy Zhang Dongyun said that in the process of promoting the development of aged care services, there are some problems such as imperfect legal policy system, imperfect working mechanism and unclear investment guarantee mechanism. It is necessary to strengthen the protection from the aspects of laws, policies and expenditure mechanism, and comprehensively build a system-integrated, efficient and coordinated support system for the development of old-age services to promote the high-quality development of old-age services in China. "I hope that the country will speed up the legislative process of the aged care service, issue an outline document for the development of the aged care service, and build a legal and policy system for the aged care service ‘ Four beams and eight columns ’ ; Establish a reasonable national financial expenditure mechanism to ensure the development of pension services; Improve the old-age service insurance support system and accelerate the demonstration and pilot pace of long-term care insurance. " The representative of Zhang Dongyun said.

　　Deputy Zhang Dongyun said that based on the aging trend and the urgent needs of the elderly, Anhui is focusing on three aspects: basic protection, excellent management and strong support, and speeding up the construction of an old-age service system that combines home community institutions with medical care and health care. (Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter Wu Yadong Bai Haixing)

　　Yan Keshi, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference: The key to cross-provincial communication is communication.

　　"The government work report puts forward that the matters that enterprises and the masses often handle should be basically realized this year ‘ Inter-provincial general office ’ . This is an important statement of the state to continuously optimize the entrepreneurial environment of enterprises and the masses and respond to people’s livelihood concerns. " Yan Keshi, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Democratic Progressive Party, said that it is the common aspiration of the masses and enterprises to let data run more and let people run less errands. "Inter-provincial communication" is a real livelihood project. Its core is to sort out the high-frequency services that enterprises and the masses need most, realize the cross-regional, cross-link and cross-regional communication mode, and finally meet the needs of various market entities and the masses in different places.

　　“‘ Inter-provincial general office ’ Stay in ‘ Do ’ , and ‘ Do ’ The key lies in ‘ Tong ’ . However, government services still exist ‘ Three difficulties ’ Problems: First, interconnection is difficult, second, data use is difficult, and third, business collaboration is difficult. " Member Yan Keshi pointed out.

　　In order to solve these problems, Committee member Yan Keshi suggested that it should be promoted from three aspects: First, optimize and adjust the business rules of "cross-provincial general affairs" and form a unified national handling process and guidelines. The second is the counterpart assistance mechanism of e-government in north and south provinces and east and west provinces to narrow the gap between regions. Third, relying on the national integrated government service platform, we will build a national government information big data platform and use big data technology to break down data barriers in multiple dimensions.

　　Commissioner Yan Keshi introduced, for example, that Fuzhou, Fujian and Weinan, Shaanxi have recently jointly implemented the "cross-provincial general office" of government services, breaking the restrictions on territorial acceptance and territorial approval in accordance with the principle of "global integration". Committee member Yan Keshi calculated an account for the reporter. According to the standard that each person travels to and from Fuzhou and Weinan for transportation and lost time, and each "inter-provincial general office" window has an annual average of 300 pieces, each opening of "inter-provincial general office" window can save the applicant about 300,000 yuan annually. (Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter Li Jing)

　　Wang Shoucong, deputy to the National People’s Congress: Cultivating the whole industrial chain to increase farmers’ income

　　"The government work report proposes to fully implement the rural revitalization strategy to promote the stable development of agriculture and increase farmers’ income. We are very excited and full of confidence. Heilongjiang should be at the forefront of the country in rural revitalization and agricultural modernization, and do everything possible to increase farmers’ income and have a head start. " Wang Shoucong, deputy to the National People’s Congress, Party Secretary and Chairman of Beidahuang Agricultural Reclamation Group Co., Ltd. told reporters.

　　Deputy Wang Shoucong said that Beidahuang Group implanted the high-quality development system of Beidahuang into all aspects of production and operation in surrounding rural areas, introduced "small-scale peasant production" into the development track of modern agriculture, actively explored the road of agricultural modernization with China characteristics, and promoted local farmers to increase production and income. This year, Beidahuang Group will continue to cultivate a number of strong agricultural industrial fields, modern agricultural industrial parks and advantageous industrial clusters with strong radiation-driven capabilities, and promote rural revitalization through industrial development.

　　Deputy Wang Shoucong believed that in order to realize the stable development of agriculture and increase farmers’ income, we must go out of the "small-scale production" mode, realize large-scale and intensive production and management, and absorb small-scale farmers into the whole industrial chain of "supply, planting, management, harvesting, storage, transportation, processing and marketing". Focusing on the group operation and supply of agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers, reducing production costs and "reducing one piece" for farmers to cultivate land; Focusing on providing warehousing, logistics, financial insurance and other services, reducing market risks and "guaranteeing a piece" for farmers to farm land; With the help of marketing channels, we will "add a piece" of land for farmers in the sales of grain and agricultural products. Through land trust, technical link contracting, professional services and other forms, farmers can get land rental income as well as labor income. (Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter Wu Hao)

　　Ma Xinqiang, deputy to the National People’s Congress: Ensure that the tax reduction bonus is put in place and enjoy it.

　　Tax reduction is one of the hot words in government work reports in recent years, and this year is no exception. This year’s government work report pointed out that market players need to be helped again to regain their vitality and enhance their vitality. The government work report points out that the threshold of value-added tax for small-scale taxpayers will be raised from 100,000 yuan to 150,000 yuan in monthly sales. For small and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households whose annual taxable income is less than 1 million yuan, on the basis of the current preferential policies, the income tax will be levied by half.

　　Ma Xinqiang, deputy to the National People’s Congress and chairman of South China University of Technology Industry Co., Ltd. said: "In 2020, affected by the epidemic, enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households, will be hit hard, and tax reduction will be ‘ Gift package ’ It reflects the clear attitude of the government to bail out the market players and further consolidate the economic fundamentals. " Small and micro enterprises have a large number, wide coverage and great ability to absorb employment. In this government work report, the tax reduction measures once again focus on small-scale taxpayers and small and micro enterprises, reflecting the continuity and stability of macro policies, which will play a positive role in helping enterprises tide over difficulties, stimulating vitality and promoting economic operation in a reasonable range.

　　Deputy Ma Xinqiang said that the tax reduction should maintain the necessary support, not make a sharp turn, and strengthen directional control, camera control and precise control on the basis of interval control, which reflects the determination of the party and the state to support the development of the real economy. Good policies should be visible and tangible. As stated in the government work report, all localities should put tax reduction policies in place in time to ensure that market players should enjoy them. In this way, we can help the market players "green mountains are always there and full of vitality". (Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter Du Xiuping)

　　Li Yin, NPC deputy: Using biomass energy to promote clean heating.

　　"According to the government work report, the clean heating rate in the northern region has reached 70%. China has a solid foundation to achieve this goal. " Li Yin, deputy to the National People’s Congress and chairman of Jiuzhou Group, said that using renewable energy to achieve clean heating is an urgent need to adjust the energy structure and achieve energy conservation and emission reduction, and it is also an inevitable choice to build a clean and low-carbon society and achieve sustainable energy development.

　　This year, representative Li Yin put forward six suggestions, all of which are related to achieving this goal. He said that the heating cost of biomass energy is close to that of coal, and even lower than that of coal in resource-rich areas. China’s urban and rural areas produce about 6.3 billion tons of organic waste every year, equivalent to about 800 million tons of standard coal. However, the energy utilization rate of these resources is less than 5%, and if it can be raised to 50%, it can heat the heating area of 20 billion square meters.

　　Deputy Li Yin said that solving the problem of clean heating in counties and rural areas can be carried out in various ways, such as biomass cogeneration, anaerobic fermentation and biogas production, relying on industrialization projects. To actively meet the heating needs of local people’s livelihood, the transformation task is heavy, the transformation effect is obvious, and the environmental protection standards are strictly observed, it is necessary to increase financial support. Reduce the cost of clean heating by means of tax exemption and cancellation of utility surcharge.

　　At the same time, Deputy Li Yin suggested that clean heating projects such as biomass heating should be listed as key support projects for low-interest policy loans. For enterprises that lend for biomass heating projects, the loan period should be appropriately extended and the loan interest rate should be lowered. Encourage social capital to set up industrial investment funds to support technology research and development of clean heating projects. (Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter Zhu Lei)

Analysis, as the name implies, first classifies, then analyzes. First of all, let’s learn the basic information of My Shampoo and classify it.

1. What does Duang mean?

Duang is the pronunciation of Jackie Chan, which means to add special effects, implying deliberate exaggeration and exaggeration!

In addition, Duang is a lyric from My Shampoo. It can be seen from the Internet that people use Duang instead of My Shampoo.

2. Who is the creator of Duang?

3. Under what circumstances did the author create it?

On February 14th, 2015, roommates all went to Valentine’s Day. Being single, he blocked the world of mortals and HOLD his loneliness. At the same time, this buddy also compiled a program and made an animation, so he decided to start creating something on this day. Later, there was a spoof MV "My Shampoo". Later, duang in the lyrics spread all over the Internet in lightning speed!

Next, let’s see how it spreads.

4. Why is duang so hot, and the "fire" continues to spread?

Analyze the communication track from several mainstream channels.

Let’s interpret the spread track of My Shampoo from bilibili, Sina Weibo, WeChat, mainstream video websites and Baidu Index to answer why it is so hot:

The first communication camp: bilibili and Sina Weibo (opinion leaders and grassroots reds)

2015-02-20 At 16: 31, Crimson TOY uploaded the video in bilibili, and at the same time opened it to Baidu’s network disk (open posture).

Analysis of Wang Nima Forwarding My Shampoo and Weibo in Zhiwei

Forward time trend chart

It can be seen that KOL Weibo, who forwarded to Weibo, Wang Nima, is almost a grassroots blog.

The second communication camp: Youku and major video websites.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Features: Multi-platform (multiple video platforms, multiple users continue to spread)

Youku playback index

Youku, this video reached its peak on February 27, 2015.

The third communication camp: WeChat

Sogou WeChat search data deadline: March 22, 2015

Starting from February 24,
WeChat official account began to spread "My Shampoo". In the next few days, the video was created and forwarded by more than N WeChat official account like mushrooms after rain. At the same time, netizens were influenced by various media. In the micro-era when everyone was from the media, according to the average opening rate of WeChat public information of 20%, it was roughly estimated that 650 million users of WeChat meant covering about 130 million netizens, and then "My Shampoo" spread like wildfire in the circle of WeChat friends!

Interpretation of WeChat communication:

All WeChat official account in WeChat is KOL, especially WeChat official account with 100,000+fans. The difference is that there are more fans than there are. The follow-up of self-media, celebrities and traditional media in WeChat, if its emerging and creative types are recognized and spread by major mainstream media from the news point of view, with a little ridicule and some humor, media editors are willing to further spread this "revealing" positive energy!

The fourth communication camp: traditional news media websites and paper media

Starting from February 26th, major mainstream news media, local media and paper media began to report this "My Shampoo" synchronized with "My Skateboarding Shoes", and many media took it as the front page headline.(news websites, video websites, mainstream music apps and video apps).

Baidu index analysis (intuitive horizontal propagation curve)

Baidu Index of My Shampoo: 7688 (2015.3.11-2015.3.21)

Baidu Index of "Duang": 77649 (March 11, 2015-March 17, 2015)

From the Baidu index curve, we can see from the above figure that the date and the corresponding search index are:

….
3.17——49258
….

Overall interpretation

From the above figure, we can see the laws of two Baidu indexes:

1) When the sound volume (propagation volume) of this suddenly popular search word is not detonated to a critical point, it will not enter the Baidu Index. If you ask how many indexes can enter the Baidu Index, I have no answer. This question should be answered by the official Baidu Index!(Interested friends can search for "Ordinary Road" and "Don’t give me a hundred dollars" that suddenly became popular last year)

2) The search peaks of duang and My Shampoo are on the same day on February 28th, which shows that the video has the same effect when it is spread by key media (online celebrities and online media platforms). Although the search indexes of the two are quite different, the author personally thinks that the only reason that can explain the difference is that netizens are more likely and like to quote Duang in the lyrics, for the following reasons:

"My Shampoo" was released first, and it was fired first. duang came from "My Shampoo". Because of its simplicity, novelty and fun, the search index exploded "My Shampoo". Why do netizens use this duang?
Perhaps it is because Jackie Chan said this word very much, and it has the meaning of mocking and teasing bad businesses behind it. Out of dark psychology, netizens tacitly use it and brush it, during which the whole Internet (desktop and mobile)
) is everywhere. And this duang is cool, trendy and avant-garde, and it can be a fucking B.(You send a duang in a circle of friends, and friends who may not know it will be curious to ask: Friend, what the hell did you send? See if you have achieved the purpose of pretending to be B.

Through the above analysis, it can be concluded that there are four communication factors:

Scary toy’s brain is wide open because of thick accumulation and thin hair. This is a cliche. Accumulation, quantitative change leads to qualitative change. This buddy understands the user’s embrace of video and grasps the psychology of revealing fake play and booing in human nature. The recommendation of Youku’s "Original Selection" on March 1 once again made the video volume spread further. The key to Youku’s official recommendation is that it is humorous and interesting. As the saying goes: no one spreads good news, and bad news travels thousands of miles. At the same time, because it is original, it is also a boutique, so if you want to make the video fire, you have to be practical and original, stir up creativity, and it will be refreshing when you take a shot.

Dear readers, the analysis ends here. As long as netizens are here, duang is full of love ~ ~

Finally, I attach my shampoo-car maintenance edition created by an author.

When I first entered an S store for maintenance, I actually refused. I told the sales staff: I refused, because I found that Baidu and 315 exposed too many hidden rules of an S store. I didn’t want you to add a lot of stunts when doing maintenance. After maintenance, duang said that it was very stable and the sedan chair could rush up the hill.

duang..duang.duang

After that, my friends must scold me, and there is no such effect at all. They are just talking nonsense … A group of teasing, a group of teasing … Later, I learned that an S shop, in fact, is very deep, and ordinary car owners generally can’t understand it. Of course, I am often submerged. Later, I learned from my mistakes and decided to change a maintenance method. Baidu found that there are many maintenance methods that place orders through the Internet.
What on-site maintenance, O2O maintenance … without any special effects, I enjoyed it very much, and I also introduced my friends to do this kind of internet car maintenance. I want to let car owners know that I do maintenance in an S shop like that, and we do maintenance through the Internet like this ~

Thanks to the VIP communication analysis sponsored by Zhiwei (www.weiboreach.com)

　　Huasheng Online May 15 (Reporter Wang Yichen intern Wei Xin) At noon in early summer, the sun was like fire, but many residents stopped at the Zijiang scenic belt in Yiyang City. On the south bank of Huilongshan Bridge, Bailuwan Square, which consists of a pavilion, a pavilion, a porch and a gallery, nestles quietly by the Zijiang River, surrounded by a vibrant green plant that brings a bit of cool taste. Fans of Huagu Opera gather in the four corners pavilion, and go to the opera hums, which is particularly comfortable. On the afternoon of May 15th, the network theme activity of "Beautiful China Yangtze River Walking and Dancing with the Ecology of Yangtze River Economic Belt" came to Zijiang Scenic Belt, and this "city meeting room" was welcoming the media group’s visit with a brand-new look.

　　"In the past, there were only a few sparse trees along the Zijiang River, and there were not so many scenery to enjoy. Now that Bailuwan Square has been newly built, the paintings are vivid and the greenery is lush. We, the fans of Huagu Opera, finally have a place where we can comfortably stay in go to the opera. " Zhao Guangjun, who lives near the Zijiang Scenic Belt, witnessed the rapid changes here. Now, every day, he will visit Bailuwan Square, listen to some Huagu operas from 1 pm to 5 pm, and then walk along the riverbank with his family after dinner to watch the night view on both sides of the strait.

　　The Zijiang Scenic Belt is 12.3 kilometers long, which integrates leisure, landscape, ecology, flood control and drainage according to the requirements of building a "sponge city". The flood control levee has been strengthened, and the functions of water absorption, water storage, water seepage and water purification in the city have been enhanced, and Zijiang has become a "breathing" river. The successful creation of the ecological, natural and hydrophilic landscape pattern of the scenic belt has realized the organic combination of flood control function and landscape function, and has become a beautiful scenery and urban "meeting room" in the central city, which has also become a good place for citizens to relax and exercise.

　　"Dialogue between mountains and water, between cities and mountains, between water and cities, between nature and humanity", a landscape belt returning to nature will unfold a brand-new picture of Yiyang’s ecological development. Tang Yisong, deputy director of the headquarters office of Zijiang Scenic Belt Construction in Yiyang City, introduced that the total investment of Zijiang Scenic Belt Project is 7.5 billion yuan, including 3.3 billion yuan for shantytown renovation and 4.2 billion yuan for infrastructure construction. The construction contents mainly include six aspects: "water, shore, road, house, garden and bridge". Water, that is, to build a water park with Qinglong Island as the carrier, at the same time, strengthen the environmental management of Zijiang River, and ensure that the green mountains and green waters are always there and the countryside is always smiling. Shore, that is, while ensuring the flood control capacity, brighten and beautify the existing flood control levees, build an ecological leisure shoreline, and set up cultural squares and entertainment complexes along the coast. Road, that is, the channel connecting North and South binjiang road and upgrading. Housing, that is, focusing on the transformation of shanty towns along the coast, further improve the living environment along the line. Garden means to build "Ten Gardens and Ten Scenery", which refers to Qinglongzhou Park, Zhixihe Park, Huilongshan Park, Pei Xiu Park, Xiliuwan Park, Bijin Park, Historical and Cultural Park, Doukuita Park, Santaita Park and Shizhou Park, and the "Ten Gardens" correspond to "Ten Scenery" and "Ten Scenery" respectively.It refers to Qingzhou Huadao, Zhixi Fanluo, Huilong Qixia, Peiting Yunshu, Xiwan Chunwang, Bijin Xiaodu, Ganlei jathyapple, Doukui Lingyun, Santai Chenxi and Shizhou Fenzhang, and at the same time, it will build characteristic industrial parks such as Huilongshan, Yongshenyuan and Gu Xiang in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Bridge, that is, the newly-built Qinglongzhou Bridge, upgrade the planning and design of Xiliuwan Bridge, and beautify the Zijing Huilongshan Bridge, Qingshuitan Bridge and Longzhou Bridge.

　　Yiyang has 330 rivers over 5 kilometers and 51 lakes over 1 square kilometer. In order to promote the long-term stability and beauty of rivers and lakes, Yiyang innovatively implemented the "three-long and one-stop" working mechanism of river chief, river inspector, river police chief and volunteer workstation, and realized the full coverage of the four-level river chief responsibility system of city, county, township and village. At the same time, we will promote the comprehensive improvement of sand mining in rivers, carry out in-depth special water pollution control, agricultural non-point source pollution control and livestock and poultry breeding pollution control, solidly carry out comprehensive water environment control, and investigate key industrial pollution sources and strengthen ecological restoration of rivers and lakes.

　　Today, the Zijiang Scenic Belt is still under construction. Three sections of the southern bank scenic belt with a length of nearly 9 kilometers have been built, and some important nodes along the road have been completed, including the beautification and lighting of Bailuwan Square, Huilongshan Bridge, Qingshuitan Bridge and Longzhou Bridge, the rescue and restoration of Weigungmiao Lane, Yulingpo Lane and Denglongguan Lane in the ancient city of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the upgrading of Yingbin East Road. This year, the construction of the scenic belt on the north bank of Zijiang River will be accelerated, and the waterfront will be completed and opened to the public before May 18. At the same time, the construction and restoration of important historical and cultural nodes in the scenic belt on both sides of Zijiang River will be promoted, including the beautification and lighting of Doukui Tower, the protection of the site of Rabbit Mountain and the planning and construction of Longzhou Academy and the ancient city of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Combined with the landscape belt on the south bank of Zijiang River, a series of convenient and beneficial places, including parking lots, public toilets and service points, are planned and constructed. Soon, a natural, fresh and energetic new business card for eco-tourism will come to the fore.

With the acceleration of aging in Shanghai, the service for the elderly has increasingly become a topic of concern. On the occasion of the Double Ninth Festival, under the guidance of Shanghai Communications Administration, Shanghai Telecom officially issued the Service Guide for Helping the Elderly (hereinafter referred to as the Guide), which is dedicated to providing comprehensive digital services for the elderly and vulnerable groups.

The Guide involves three sections and ten contents. From the perspectives of smart technology, welfare rights and convenience services, Shanghai Telecom aims to provide more comprehensive and intimate services for the elderly, so that the elderly can enjoy a comprehensive "aging" experience and enhance the happiness and satisfaction of elderly users in the digital age.

Digital Helping the Elderly and Protecting the Home Safety of the Elderly

Digital services for the aged should be not only convenient, but also secure. To this end, Shanghai Telecom has launched three "smart artifacts", namely, Yi Jia Zhi Hua, Push-to-talk for the elderly and Tianyi housekeeping, to provide the elderly with more convenient means of communication and a safer home environment.

Yi Jia Zhi Hua is a telecom customized intelligent speaker. The elderly can make phone calls by voice, and multiple terminals can ring at the same time. It can also realize video family calls, accompany the elderly, remote housekeeping and other scenes. It is a small speaker for video calls, a small TV on the dining table, and a small guardian for remote housekeeping.

Push-to-talk for the elderly is an intelligent alarm clock that can listen to the radio, make family calls, call for rent and call 114 hotline for the elderly with one click. As long as the old people press the "push-to-talk" red button, they can call 114 manual customer service phone to get value-added services such as taxi service, and they can also call the "family phone number" with one click to talk directly with their loved ones.

Tianyi housekeeping is a "smart" smart camera, which realizes 360-degree panoramic housekeeping and two-way intercom to protect the elderly. Through the smart camera, users can view real-time video images at home and historical images stored in the cloud anytime and anywhere on the mobile phone, and conduct two-way voice intercom to realize various scenes such as security monitoring and care for the elderly, and also let the children outside take care of the home safety of the elderly at any time.

Wisdom for the aged adds color to the life of the elderly.

Nowadays, digitalization has penetrated into all aspects of life, and the elderly are no exception. In order to meet the daily needs of the elderly, such as communication, consumption and social interaction, Shanghai Telecom has launched a series of preferential products and services. Considering that the elderly often need to communicate with relatives and friends through WeChat or watch videos when they are at home or out, Shanghai Telecom provides double traffic service for beautiful family users. This means that old people browse websites, brush WeChat, watch videos and send photos, and no longer have to worry about insufficient traffic. At the same time, Shanghai Telecom has also launched the "Old Child" membership rights, so as long as they are over 60 years old, they can receive 12GB of domestic traffic or 1,200 minutes of domestic calls for free.

Of course, sufficient traffic needs smart phones to cooperate. Considering the eyesight of the elderly, Shanghai Telecom provides a variety of large-screen eye-protection mobile phones suitable for the elderly. These mobile phones not only have large screen and eye-protection technology, but also take the needs of the elderly into consideration in their design, with super volume, super icons, super fonts, lasting battery life and voice broadcasting capabilities. The mobile phone also has built-in multi-scene elder customization function, which supports real-time location viewing, action trajectory query and electronic fence setting, and cares for the elderly in all directions.

In addition, Shanghai Telecom also provides cloud computer services for the elderly who like to browse content on the big TV screen. Old people can log in to the cloud computer through IPTV, so they can easily watch videos and photos on TV. They can also upgrade the computer configuration at any time as needed to ensure the security of data, improve the quality of life of "silver-haired people" and help the elderly enjoy digital life.

Warm-hearted and suitable for the elderly, the service spans the hall inside and outside.

Not only that, Shanghai Telecom also combines traditional advantages with innovative ideas, excavates and uses the original convenience facilities and services to transform and upgrade, and endows them with digital functions and missions that keep pace with the times on the basis of retaining the original core values, so as to build a digital care and protection service platform for the elderly from inside the business hall to outside the business hall.

The "Love Wing Station", a telecom business hall all over the city, can provide elderly friends with warm public care services such as rest and drinking, mobile phone charging, mobile phone counseling and love channel. The "Happiness Class" held every Tuesday covers not only smart phone counseling and anti-fraud knowledge popularization, but also diverse topics such as art appreciation, cloud tour and environmental protection science popularization. Up to now, more than 3,500 charity events have been held in "Love Wing Station", and 117 sessions have been held in "Happiness Classroom", with nearly 700,000 caring services.

As the voice portal of the digital society, the 114 hotline for helping the elderly can provide taxi service for the elderly and facilitate their travel. Up to now, the taxi service has provided 70,000 person-times, and the service for helping the elderly has answered 280,000 calls.

Hello Old Friends Pavilion, originally an "old friend" of Shanghai, has taken on a new look. Shanghai Telecom has equipped the Hello Old Friends Pavilion all over the city with a "one-click smart screen for calling a car" and smart cameras. Here, the old people can experience convenient services such as free call for 3 minutes, free charging, one-click car calling, and 15-minute life circle inquiry. In order to meet the urgent need of old people to see a doctor, Shanghai Telecom also cooperated with Huashan Hospital to give telephone booths a new function of appointment and registration, and opened seven Hello old friend kiosks around Huashan Hospital on a pilot basis. The follow-up plan will be launched in the hello old friend kiosks in Shanghai. For the elderly, Hello Old Friends Pavilion is no longer a public telephone booth, but has become a real "little helper" in life.

Digital helps the elderly and turns "obstacles" into love. Shanghai Telecom also goes deep into communities and streets to accompany old friends with silver hair and enjoy a beautiful digital life. In Jinshan, Shanghai Telecom and Zhongmin Village of Langxia Town held a digital village signing ceremony, and the two sides will jointly help build a beautiful digital village, deepen the service of providing for the aged and benefiting the people, prosper and develop rural network culture, and build a smart green village; In Putuo, tea and Chongyang cake were provided to the sanitation workers, and they were invited to take a rest at the "Love Wing Station". In Jing ‘an, invite the elderly to the Hello Old Friends Pavilion to experience appointment registration and AI photography; In the seaside Wucun Community, we will provide the elderly users with the live experience of smart products such as "Yi Jia Zhi Hua" and "Push-to-talk for the elderly", so that the "silver-haired people" in the community can integrate into the smart life more quickly.

Shanghai Telecom will continue to implement the concept of "five-hearted service", continuously enrich the pool of products for helping the elderly, build a brand with characteristics and be suitable for the elderly, build a digital infrastructure and service system for the whole scene, seek practical measures and seek practical results in bridging the digital divide and lowering the digital threshold, and create a more inclusive and temperature-sensitive digital environment for the benefit of more elderly people. (Source: Shanghai Telecom)

1905 movie network news　Directed by Renee Haring, the crime action blockbuster "Silent Witness" starring Zhang Jiahui, Yang Zi, and Ren Xianqi today revealed the ultimate trailer and poster. In the ultimate trailer, Zhang Jiahui raced all the way to perform the speed of life and death, Yang Zi was forced to make a dilemma in the face of threats, and Ren Xianqi broke out emotionally to play the tyrannical gangster. In the extremely tense forensic center, various people continue to appear, breaking the balance between the forensic doctor and the gangster, and the ending is difficult to judge until the last second.

"I know who you are and what you have done." Under the guidance of Zhang Jiahui’s narration, the ultimate trailer revealed a new clue for the first time – Ren Xianqi’s gangster gang broke into the forensic center to cover up a wide-ranging "drug" case. The setting of the "case within the case" also made the plot more confusing, and the truth was not revealed until the last second. In addition, there were frequent explosions in the trailer. In order to protect the physical evidence, Zhang Jiahui and Yang Zi fought, raced, and shot continuously throughout the process, which made the heart beat wildly. Ren Xianqi was forced to a state of collapse and his emotions broke out, and he became more and more crazy and out of control.

In the final poster released with the trailer, the film’s full staff gathered, and many new and old faces made a surprise appearance: Feng Jiayi and Chen Jiale looked fierce and serious; Ma Shuliang’s expression was serious and thoughtful; Rap god Ouyang Jing did not change his cool nature, but seemed to hide a secret; Guo Jin’an and Wu Zhuoxi’s appearance reminded people of TVB for a second, bringing back childhood memories; and Clara, who was well known to the audience in a red dress, became the key to uncovering the truth.

The movie "Silent Witness" tells the story of two forensic doctors, Chen Jiahao (Zhang Jiahui) and Qiao Lin (Yang Zi), in order to protect the evidence and uncover the truth, together with the bandit leader SANTA (Ren Xianqi) and his gang, in the forensic center. The movie will be released nationwide on August 2.