Image source: Nanfang Daily

　　From November 18th to 19th, the first "Bright Cup" cycling race between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits and Hong Kong and Macao was held in Shenzhen. 210 contestants from both sides of the Taiwan Strait and Hong Kong and Macao competed on the spot, and nearly half of them came from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao. This event is an important part of the 2023 Cross-Strait Exchange and Integration Month series. The competition adopts a novel competition system of circling and scoring, and on the 18th and 19th, several rounds of competitions are held to decide the champions of each group.

　　In addition, this year’s competition also carried out supporting activities such as bicycle carnival, parent-child activities of roller coaster, and "natural dream starry night", which allowed athletes to experience test riding, taste food and share extreme challenge stories face to face.

　　[News] Recently, Chongqing Automobile Co., Ltd. filed a recall plan with the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine according to the requirements of the Regulations on the Management of Defective Automobile Product Recall, and decided to recall CS75, CS35, Zhishang XT and other models from March 31, totaling 121,003. The detailed models are as follows:

『CS75』

Rui Cheng and CS35』

"to Shang XT and"

● Recall models:

　　(1) A total of 21,538 CS75 and Ruicheng vehicles were produced from January 3, 2015 to February 12, 2015 (inclusive);

　　(2) A total of 65,686 vehicles of CS35, Yidong, Zhishang XT and V7 were produced from December 9, 2014 to January 30, 2015 (inclusive);

　　(3) A total of 14,334 CX20 vehicles were produced from December 1, 2014 to January 30, 2015 (inclusive);

　　(4) A total of 19,445 automobiles were produced from December 5, 2014 to February 27, 2015 (inclusive).

● Reason for recall:

　　Due to the supplier’s production batch, the oxidation resistance of vehicles within the scope of this recall is insufficient, which may cause the cooling performance to decrease and affect the cooling effect. In extreme cases, the water temperature may increase, which may pose a safety hazard.

● Solution:

　　Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. cleaned the cooling system of the vehicles within the above-mentioned recall range free of charge and replaced the coolant to eliminate potential safety hazards.

　　Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. will notify relevant car owners by telephone, text message and letter through Changan Automobile Special Service Station to arrange free maintenance. Owners can call the service hotlines: 400-888-6677, 400-884-0066 or visit the official website of Changan Automobile (www.changan.com.cn) for more information. (Text/car home Xingyu)

　　Read more:

　　2015 Changan Yidong /CS35/ Zhishang XT was officially launched.
　　//www.autohome.com.cn/news/201503/864081.html

Entering 2023, tariffs have ushered in new adjustments-

From January 1st, a provisional import tariff rate lower than the MFN tariff rate will be applied to 1020 commodities; From January 2nd, the tariff rate of RCEP will be applied to some commodities originating in Indonesia. From July 1st, the eighth step will be implemented to reduce the MFN tariff rate of 62 information technology products …

In this tariff adjustment schedule, "down" has become the key word. Experts pointed out that in recent years, China has successively lowered import tariffs on related commodities, boosting global good goods to enter the China market, which not only meets the domestic consumption upgrading and enterprise production needs, but also provides countries with broader market opportunities and shares the China opening bonus.

China’s overall tariff level will drop to 7.3%.

■ Since January 1, 2023, China has imposed a provisional import tariff rate lower than the MFN tariff rate on 1,020 commodities. This number has increased by 66 items compared with the previous year, maintaining growth for four consecutive years.

■ On January 2nd, RCEP came into effect for Indonesia. So far, the world’s largest free trade agreement has come into effect for 14 of its 15 signatory members. Since January 2nd, China has implemented the agreed tariff rate applicable to RCEP ASEAN member countries in 2023 for some imported goods originating in Indonesia.

■ In 2023, China will reduce the import tariffs on homogenized mixed food, frozen blue cod, cashew nuts and other small household appliances such as coffee machines, juicers and hair dryers. Among them, the tax rate of homogenized mixed food, frozen blue cod and other commodities decreased by not less than 50%.

■ From July 1, 2023, China will also implement the eighth step of reducing the MFN tariff rate for 62 information technology products. After adjustment, the total tariff level of China will be reduced from 7.4% to 7.3%.

Further tax reduction in accordance with the FTA and RCEP

At the beginning of the new year, RCEP has made new progress: it came into effect for Indonesia on January 2. So far, the world’s largest free trade agreement has come into effect for 14 of its 15 signatory members.

China is Indonesia’s largest trading partner and the largest export market. After the entry into force of RCEP, the new measures of commodity tariff reduction and exemption introduced by China are a major attraction. The State Council Customs Tariff Commission recently released the tariff adjustment plan for 2023. According to the relevant provisions of RCEP and the entry into force of the agreement for Indonesia, the agreed tariff rate applicable to RCEP ASEAN member countries in 2023 will be implemented for some imported goods originating in Indonesia from January 2. Specifically, on the basis of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement, China will reduce taxes on Indonesian-made pineapple juice and canned food, coconut juice, pepper, diesel oil, paper products, some chemicals and auto parts, among which 67.9% products originating from Indonesia will be subject to immediate zero tariffs from January 2.

"The higher level of openness advocated and led by China is urgently needed by developing economies including Indonesia." Nina Dai, Consul General of Indonesia in Shanghai, said that the China International Import Expo(CIIE) held in China enhanced the recognition and reputation of Indonesian brands in China. In 2021, the bilateral trade volume between the two countries increased by about 56%, of which Indonesian exports increased by nearly 70%. The entry into force of RCEP for Indonesia will continue to promote the deepening of economic, trade and investment relations between Indonesia and China, and further strengthen the existing cooperation.

At present, RCEP has entered the second year of effective implementation. Over the past year or so, China has implemented RCEP with high quality, fully implemented market opening commitments and agreement obligations, continuously promoted tariff reduction and exemption, and promoted trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, which has injected new impetus into the economic and trade development in the Asia-Pacific region and the world.

While reducing or exempting tariffs for newly effective members this year, the State Council Customs Tariff Commission clearly stated that it will further reduce tariffs in accordance with China’s free trade agreements with New Zealand, South Korea, Australia and Cambodia and RCEP.

"With the in-depth implementation of RCEP, New Zealand enterprises are facing more favorable tariffs and more convenient trade measures. The improvement of the business environment has enabled the company’s sales in China to grow rapidly, and it has also enabled China consumers to obtain quality products quickly." Roy Vandenke, general manager of R&D of New Zealand company Newland, said that China’s huge market provides opportunities for international companies like Newland and will also promote the recovery of the world economy. It is foreseeable that RCEP’s inclusive development dividend will make the development of the Asia-Pacific region more prosperous.

Gu Qingyang, an associate professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, believes that tariff reduction has greatly reduced the trade costs among member countries, made trade activities more active and effectively promoted economic growth, which is a tangible benefit brought by RCEP through trade channels. "China plays an important role in RCEP and is also the main export destination of other RCEP member countries. The stronger economic growth of China in the future will provide RCEP with a broader development space. "

Reduce tariffs on many medical products and consumer goods.

The new round of tariff adjustment involves not only the agreed tariff rate, but also many new changes in MFN tariff rate and provisional tariff rate. According to insiders, the most-favored-nation tax rate is the tax rate applicable to imported goods from most countries in China. Provisional tariff rate refers to the tariff rate for some imported and exported goods within a certain period. The provisional tariff rate is generally lower than the MFN tariff rate, which is a common way to adjust tariffs independently.

According to the tariff adjustment plan for 2023, from January 1st, China implemented a provisional import tariff rate lower than the MFN tariff rate for 1,020 commodities. This number has increased by 66 items compared with the previous year, maintaining growth for four consecutive years.

Sorting out the adjusted catalogue, the reporter found that there are many medical products, such as zero tariffs on some raw materials for anticancer drugs, anti-novel coronavirus drugs and drugs for relieving cancer pain, and reducing import tariffs on medical supplies such as dentures, raw materials for vascular stents and contrast agents.

Zhang Jianping, deputy director of the Academic Committee of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Commerce, analyzed that in the tariff adjustment in recent years, medicine has always been the key area of tax reduction, including zero tariffs on the first and second batches of anticancer drugs and raw materials for rare diseases, and reducing import tariffs on medical products such as artificial heart valves, hearing AIDS, intracranial embolic stents and artificial joints. These measures are helpful to further protect people’s health and reduce the economic burden of patients.

Consumer goods for daily use is another focus of this tariff adjustment. According to the published provisional tax rate table for imported goods, in 2023, the import tariffs on homogenized mixed food, frozen blue cod, cashew nuts and other small household appliances such as coffee machines, juicers and hair dryers will be reduced. Among them, the tax rate of homogenized mixed food, frozen blue cod and other commodities decreased by not less than 50%.

Zhang Jianping believes that at present, China’s consumer demand continues to grow, and the consumption structure is accelerating to upgrade, and the demand for foreign consumer goods with distinctive advantages is heating up. This tax reduction is conducive to conforming to the trend of consumption upgrading and meeting the new consumption demand of residents with high-quality supply; At the same time, it will help imported products compete with domestic products, guide the transformation and upgrading of the supply system, keep up with changes in consumer demand, and achieve a dynamic balance between supply and demand at a higher level.

In addition to medical products and consumer goods, this adjustment also highlights two aspects: first, zero tariffs will be imposed on potash fertilizer and unwrought cobalt, and import tariffs on some commodities such as wood and paper products and boric acid will be reduced; The second is to reduce import tariffs on lithium niobate, electronic ink screens, iridium oxide for fuel cells, roller bearings for wind turbines and other commodities. Experts said that reducing import tariffs on these goods will not only help strengthen the supply capacity of resources, but also promote the innovation and development of advanced manufacturing industries and accelerate industrial transformation and upgrading.

China’s overall tariff level will drop to 7.3%.

Frequent measures to reduce taxes have pushed the overall tariff level in China down continuously. According to the announcement issued by the State Council Customs Tariff Commission, starting from July 1, 2023, China will also implement the eighth step of MFN tariff reduction for 62 information technology products. After adjustment, the total tariff level of China will be reduced from 7.4% to 7.3%.

In December 2015, 24 WTO members, including China, the United States, Europe, Japan and South Korea, reached an agreement on expanding the product range of the Information Technology Agreement, and gradually abolished the import tariffs on 201 information technology expanded products according to the most-favoured-nation treatment principle. These products mainly include information and communication products, semiconductors and their production equipment, audio-visual products, medical devices, instruments and meters, etc. The annual global trade volume exceeds 1 trillion US dollars. In 2016, China implemented tax reduction for the products expanded by the Information Technology Agreement for the first time, and has implemented seven-step tax reduction so far.

According to the analysis of insiders, the gradual tax reduction according to the agreement will help reduce the import cost of related components and equipment, better meet the production needs of enterprises, promote the domestic related industries and economies to move towards high-quality development, and will also effectively promote global trade and high-tech development.

The general tariff level is one of the important indicators of a country’s openness in the field of goods trade. The data show that since China joined the WTO for more than 20 years, it has fully fulfilled its WTO commitments and continuously opened its market. The total tariff level has dropped from 15.3% to 7.4% in 2022, which is lower than the WTO commitment of 9.8%.

"Since 2018, China has introduced a series of measures such as implementing zero tariffs on imported anticancer drugs and encouraging the import of innovative drugs. In the following years, a number of innovative drugs of Bayer prescription drugs were approved for listing in China." Steve, chief financial officer of Bayer China, said, "We recognize and attach great importance to China’s opening to the outside world, and we have seen a very favorable business environment in China, which makes us more confident in the future."

Chiwharton, a Swiss flavor and fragrance company, is also one of the beneficiaries of China’s tariff reduction. "The reduction of tariffs has brought significant benefits to enterprises and enhanced our confidence in development." Wu Chongqing, the operation director of Chihuaton China, said that in 2022, China reduced the import tax rate of peppermint oil and orange oil, and the import cost of the company’s two main production raw materials decreased, saving tens of millions of yuan in taxes every year. "This not only eased the cost pressure caused by the rising price of raw materials, but also enabled the company to bring more cost-effective products to downstream customers and consumers, making our China factory more advantageous."

Zhang Jianping said that in recent years, China has taken the initiative to reduce the overall tariff level and introduced a series of new measures to reduce tariffs independently, which has made the world see that China is opening wider and wider, and also made China’s development better benefit the world and promoted all countries to share the big market opportunities in China. (Reporter Qiu Haifeng)

decree of the state council of the people’s republic of china

No.745

"Regulations on the Security Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure" has been adopted at the 133rd executive meeting in the State Council on April 27, 2021, and is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of September 1, 2021.

Prime Minister Li Keqiang

July 30, 2021

Regulations on Security Protection of Key Information Infrastructure

Chapter I General Principles

the first　In order to ensure the security of key information infrastructure and maintain network security, these regulations are formulated in accordance with the Network Security Law of the People’s Republic of China.

the second　The key information infrastructure mentioned in these Regulations refers to important industries and fields such as public communication and information services, energy, transportation, water conservancy, finance, public services, e-government, national defense science and technology industry, and other important network facilities and information systems that may seriously endanger national security, national economy and people’s livelihood and public interests once they are damaged, lose their functions or have data leaked.

Article　Under the overall coordination of the national network information department, the public security department of the State Council is responsible for guiding and supervising the security protection of key information infrastructure. The State Council telecommunications authorities and other relevant departments shall, in accordance with the provisions of these regulations and relevant laws and administrative regulations, be responsible for the security protection, supervision and management of key information infrastructure within their respective functions and duties.

The relevant departments of the provincial people’s government shall, according to their respective responsibilities, implement security protection and supervision and management of key information infrastructure.

Article 4　The security protection of key information infrastructure adheres to comprehensive coordination, division of responsibilities and legal protection, strengthens and implements the main responsibility of key information infrastructure operators (hereinafter referred to as operators), gives full play to the role of the government and all sectors of society, and jointly protects the security of key information infrastructure.

Article 5　The state gives priority to the protection of key information infrastructure, takes measures to monitor, defend and deal with cyber security risks and threats originating from inside and outside People’s Republic of China (PRC), protects key information infrastructure from attack, intrusion, interference and destruction, and punishes illegal and criminal activities that endanger the security of key information infrastructure according to law.

No individual or organization may illegally invade, interfere with or destroy critical information infrastructure, and may not endanger the security of critical information infrastructure.

Article 6　Operators shall take technical protection measures and other necessary measures to deal with network security incidents, prevent network attacks and illegal and criminal activities, ensure the safe and stable operation of key information infrastructure and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and availability of data on the basis of network security level protection in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance and relevant laws and administrative regulations and the mandatory requirements of national standards.

Article 7　Units and individuals that have made remarkable achievements or made outstanding contributions in the security protection of key information infrastructure shall be commended in accordance with relevant state regulations.

Chapter II Identification of Key Information Infrastructure

Article 8　The competent departments and supervision departments of important industries and fields involved in Article 2 of these Regulations are the departments responsible for the security protection of key information infrastructure (hereinafter referred to as the protection departments).

Article 9　The protection department shall, in combination with the actual situation of this industry and this field, formulate rules for the identification of key information infrastructure and report them to the public security department of the State Council for the record.

The following factors shall be mainly considered in formulating the identification rules:

(a) the importance of network facilities, information systems, etc. to the key core business of this industry and this field;

(two) the degree of harm that may be caused by the destruction, loss of function or data leakage of network facilities and information systems;

(three) the impact on other industries and fields.

Article 10　The protection department is responsible for organizing the identification of the key information infrastructure of the industry and the field according to the identification rules, and notifying the operators of the identification results in time and the public security department of the State Council.

Article 11　If the key information infrastructure changes greatly, which may affect its identification results, the operator shall report the relevant information to the protection department in a timely manner. The protection department shall complete the re-certification within 3 months from the date of receiving the report, and notify the operator of the certification result and the public security department of the State Council.

Chapter III Responsibilities and Obligations of Operators

Article 12　Security protection measures should be planned, constructed and used simultaneously with key information infrastructure.

Article 13　Operators should establish and improve the network security protection system and responsibility system to ensure the input of manpower, financial resources and material resources. The main person in charge of the operator takes overall responsibility for the security protection of key information infrastructure, leads the security protection of key information infrastructure and the handling of major network security incidents, and organizes research and solutions to major network security issues.

Article 14　Operators shall set up special safety management institutions, and conduct safety background review on the persons in charge and key positions of the special safety management institutions. During the examination, the public security organ and the state security organ shall provide assistance.

Article 15　Specialized security management institutions shall be specifically responsible for the security protection of key information infrastructure of their own units and perform the following duties:

(a) to establish and improve the network security management, evaluation and assessment system, and formulate the security protection plan for key information infrastructure;

(two) to organize and promote the construction of network security protection capacity, and to carry out network security monitoring, detection and risk assessment;

(three) according to the national and industrial emergency plans for network security incidents, formulate the emergency plan of the unit, carry out emergency drills regularly, and deal with network security incidents;

(four) identify key positions in network security, organize the assessment of network security work, and put forward suggestions on rewards and punishments;

(5) Organizing education and training on network security;

(six) to fulfill the responsibility of personal information and data security protection, establish and improve the personal information and data security protection system;

(seven) the implementation of security management of key information infrastructure design, construction, operation and maintenance services;

(eight) in accordance with the provisions of the report network security incidents and important matters.

Article 16　Operators should guarantee the operating expenses of special security management institutions and equip them with corresponding personnel, and the personnel of special security management institutions should participate in the decision-making related to network security and informatization.

Article 17　Operators shall conduct network security detection and risk assessment on key information infrastructure at least once a year by themselves or by entrusting network security service agencies, rectify the security problems found in time, and submit the information according to the requirements of the protection department.

Article 18　When a major network security incident occurs in key information infrastructure or a major network security threat is found, the operator shall report to the protection department and the public security organ in accordance with relevant regulations.

In case of major network security incidents such as overall interruption of key information infrastructure or major functional failure, disclosure of national basic information and other important data, large-scale disclosure of personal information, resulting in greater economic losses, widespread dissemination of illegal information, or discovery of major network security threats, the protection department shall, after receiving the report, promptly report to the national network information department and the public security department of the State Council.

Article 19　Operators should give priority to purchasing safe and credible network products and services; If the procurement of network products and services may affect national security, it shall pass the security review in accordance with the national network security regulations.

Article 20　Operators purchasing network products and services shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, sign a security and confidentiality agreement with the network product and service providers, clarify the technical support and security and confidentiality obligations and responsibilities of the providers, and supervise the performance of the obligations and responsibilities.

Article 21　In case of merger, division, dissolution, etc., the operator shall promptly report to the protection department, and dispose of the key information infrastructure according to the requirements of the protection department to ensure safety.

Chapter IV Guarantee and Promotion

Article 22　The protection department shall formulate the safety planning of key information infrastructure in this industry and field, and define the protection objectives, basic requirements, tasks and specific measures.

Article 23　The national network information department co-ordinates relevant departments to establish a network security information sharing mechanism, timely collects, judges, shares and publishes information on network security threats, vulnerabilities and incidents, and promotes the sharing of network security information among relevant departments, protection departments, operators and network security service agencies.

Article 24　The protection department shall establish and improve the network security monitoring and early warning system for the key information infrastructure in the industry and field, timely grasp the operation status and security situation of the key information infrastructure in the industry and field, notify the network security threats and hidden dangers in early warning, and guide the safety prevention work.

Article 25　The protection department shall, in accordance with the requirements of the national emergency plan for cyber security incidents, establish and improve the emergency plan for cyber security incidents in its own industry and field, and organize emergency drills regularly; Guide operators to deal with network security incidents, and organize and provide technical support and assistance as needed.

Article 26　The protection department shall regularly organize the network security inspection and detection of key information infrastructure in this industry and field, and guide and supervise operators to timely rectify potential safety hazards and improve safety measures.

Article 27　The national network information department co-ordinates the public security department and protection department of the State Council to check and detect the network security of key information infrastructure, and puts forward improvement measures.

Relevant departments should strengthen coordination and information communication when carrying out network security inspection of key information infrastructure, so as to avoid unnecessary inspection and overlapping inspection. No fees shall be charged for the inspection work, and the inspected units shall not be required to buy products and services of designated brands or designated production and sales units.

Article 28　Operators shall cooperate with the network security inspection and testing of key information infrastructure carried out by the protection department, as well as the network security inspection of key information infrastructure carried out by the relevant departments of public security, national security, confidentiality administration and password management according to law.

Article 29　In the security protection of key information infrastructure, the national network information department, the competent telecommunications department in the State Council and the public security department in the State Council should provide timely technical support and assistance according to the needs of the protection department.

Article 30　The information obtained by the network information department, the public security organ, the protection department and other relevant departments, the network security service institutions and their staff can only be used to maintain network security, and ensure information security in strict accordance with the requirements of relevant laws and administrative regulations, and shall not be leaked, sold or illegally provided to others.

Article 31　Without the approval of the national network information department and the public security department of the State Council or the authorization of the protection department and operators, no individual or organization may carry out activities such as vulnerability detection and permeability testing on key information infrastructure that may affect or endanger the security of key information infrastructure. The implementation of vulnerability detection, permeability testing and other activities on the basic telecommunications network shall be reported to the competent telecommunications department of the State Council in advance.

Article 32　The state takes measures to give priority to ensuring the safe operation of key information infrastructures such as energy and telecommunications.

The energy and telecommunications industries should take measures to provide key guarantees for the safe operation of key information infrastructure in other industries and fields.

Article 33　Public security organs and state security organs shall, in accordance with their respective duties, strengthen the security of key information infrastructure in accordance with the law, and prevent and crack down on illegal and criminal activities against and using key information infrastructure.

Article 34　The state formulates and improves the safety standards of key information infrastructure, and guides and regulates the safety protection of key information infrastructure.

Article 35　The state takes measures to encourage network security professionals to engage in the security protection of key information infrastructure; Incorporate the training of operators’ safety management personnel and safety technicians into the national continuing education system.

Article 36　The state supports the technological innovation and industrial development of key information infrastructure security protection, and organizes forces to tackle key information infrastructure security problems.

Article 37　The state strengthens the construction and management of network security service institutions, formulates management requirements and strengthens supervision and guidance, constantly improves the ability level of service institutions, and gives full play to their role in the security protection of key information infrastructure.

Article 38　The state strengthens network security, and integration of defense and civilian technologies, the military and the land cooperate to protect the security of key information infrastructure.

Chapter V Legal Liability

Article 39　In any of the following circumstances, the operator shall be ordered to make corrections and given a warning by the relevant competent authorities according to their duties; Those who refuse to correct or lead to the consequences of endangering network security shall be fined between 100,000 yuan and 1 million yuan, and those who are directly in charge shall be fined between 10,000 yuan and 100,000 yuan:

(1) Failing to report the relevant information to the protection department in time when the key information infrastructure has changed greatly, which may affect its identification result;

(two) the safety protection measures are not synchronized with the key information infrastructure planning, construction and use;

(3) Failing to establish and improve the network security protection system and responsibility system;

(four) there is no special safety management organization;

(5) Failing to review the safety background of the person in charge of the specialized safety management institution and the personnel in key positions;

(six) to carry out decisions related to network security and informatization without the participation of personnel from special security management institutions;

(seven) the specialized safety management agencies failed to perform the duties stipulated in Article 15 of these regulations;

(8) Failing to conduct network security detection and risk assessment on key information infrastructure at least once a year, failing to rectify the security problems found in time, or failing to submit the information according to the requirements of the protection department;

(nine) purchasing network products and services, and failing to sign a security agreement with the network product and service provider in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state;

(ten) the merger, division, dissolution, etc., did not report to the protection department in time, or did not dispose of the key information infrastructure in accordance with the requirements of the protection department.

Article 40　If the operator fails to report to the protection department and the public security organ in accordance with the relevant provisions when a major network security incident occurs or a major network security threat is discovered in the key information infrastructure, the protection department and the public security organ shall order it to make corrections and give a warning according to their duties; Those who refuse to correct or lead to the consequences of endangering network security shall be fined from 100,000 yuan to 1 million yuan, and those who are directly in charge shall be fined from 10,000 yuan to 100,000 yuan.

Article 41　If an operator purchases network products and services that may affect national security and fails to conduct security review in accordance with the national network security regulations, the national network information department and other relevant competent departments shall order it to make corrections according to their duties, and impose a fine of more than 1 time and less than 10 times the purchase amount, and impose a fine of more than 10,000 yuan and less than 100,000 yuan on the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel.

Article 42　Operators of key information infrastructure network security inspection and testing work carried out by the protection department, and public security, national security, confidentiality administration, password management and other relevant departments in accordance with the law to carry out key information infrastructure network security inspection work does not cooperate, by the relevant competent departments shall be ordered to make corrections; Refuses to correct, a fine of 50 thousand yuan to 500 thousand yuan, and a fine of 10 thousand yuan to 100 thousand yuan for the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel; If the circumstances are serious, the corresponding legal responsibilities shall be investigated according to law.

Article 43　If the activities that illegally invade, interfere with or destroy key information infrastructure and endanger its security do not constitute a crime, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Cyber Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, the illegal income shall be confiscated by the public security organs, and they shall be detained for less than 5 days, and may also be fined between 50,000 yuan and 500,000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 15 days, and may be fined more than 100,000 yuan and less than 1 million yuan.

If a unit commits the acts mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the illegal income shall be confiscated by the public security organ, and a fine of 100,000 yuan to 1 million yuan shall be imposed, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

In violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of article fifth and the provisions of article thirty-first, the personnel who are punished by public security management shall not engage in the work of key positions in network security management and network operation within 5 years; Persons who are subject to criminal punishment shall not engage in key positions in network security management and network operation for life.

Article 44　If the network information department, the public security organ, the protection department and other relevant departments and their staff fail to perform the duties of security protection, supervision and management of key information infrastructure or neglect their duties, abuse their powers or engage in malpractices for selfish ends, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished according to law.

Article 45　Public security organs, protection departments and other relevant departments charge fees in the network security inspection of key information infrastructure, or ask the inspected units to buy products and services of designated brands or designated production and sales units, and their higher authorities shall order them to make corrections and refund the fees charged; If the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished according to law.

Article 46　Network information departments, public security organs, protection departments and other relevant departments, network security service institutions and their staff use the information obtained in the security protection of key information infrastructure for other purposes, or disclose, sell or illegally provide it to others, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished according to law.

Article 47　If a major and particularly major network security incident occurs in key information infrastructure and is determined as a liability accident after investigation, the responsibilities of the operators should be ascertained and investigated according to law, and the responsibilities of relevant network security service institutions and relevant departments should also be ascertained. Those who have dereliction of duty, dereliction of duty and other illegal acts should be investigated according to law.

Article 48　Operators of e-government key information infrastructure fail to fulfill the obligations of network security protection stipulated in these regulations, and shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Network Security Law of the People’s Republic of China.

Article 49　Anyone who violates the provisions of these regulations and causes damage to others shall bear civil liability according to law.

In violation of the provisions of this Ordinance, which constitutes a violation of public security administration, the public security administration shall be punished according to law; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Article 50　The security protection of key information infrastructure for storing and processing state secret information shall also comply with the provisions of confidentiality laws and administrative regulations.

The use and management of passwords in key information infrastructure shall also comply with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Article 51　These Regulations shall come into force as of September 1, 2021.

　　BEIJING, Sept. 5 (Reporter Wu Tao) "Putting an elephant in the refrigerator is divided into three steps", but do you know how many steps there are to cancel the "automatic fee deduction" for an online video VIP member? Many netizens don’t even know where and how to cancel, all because the online video VIP membership routine is "full".

　　Routine one

　　Price temptation, binding "automatic deduction"

　　"One cent for membership" and "9.9 yuan enjoys exclusive price for beginners". Many online video websites have been doing this activity almost all the year round, saying that opening VIP members is cheap. Is this true?

　　The reporter learned in the investigation that when using these "preferential prices" to open VIP members, they have one thing in common, that is, they are forced to bind "automatic renewal" (or "automatic deduction"), otherwise they cannot enjoy such prices; The preferential price can only last for one month or a few days.

　　"Why set the preferential price? One is to attract new VIP members, and the other is to bind payment methods, so as to be ‘ Automatic fee deduction ’ Provide the necessary conditions. " Some senior online video member users say that every time they recharge, they are tempted by the price, so they are basically cheaper "continuous monthly subscription".

　　Routine 2

　　There is no "automatic fee deduction" cancellation service on the page.

　　After users subscribe to the "automatic fee deduction", in order to reduce the loss of VIP members, many online video websites do not set up the "automatic fee deduction" service, or the location is difficult to find. For example, in the APP member center of Mango TV, there is no way to cancel the automatic renewal on the whole page.

　　"I don’t know how to cancel VIP membership" and "It’s too troublesome to cancel". Some users said in an interview with Zhongxin. com that they must open VIP members to watch popular dramas, but they always renew their fees because they can’t cancel the "automatic deduction fee" after watching them.

　　Routine 3

　　"automatic fee deduction" deducts fees in advance

　　Some netizens believe that VIP members have not expired yet, and it is too late to cancel the "automatic deduction" when it expires. In fact, this is careless again. Many online video websites deduct fees in advance, about 1 to 3 days in advance. The specific time may be different for each enterprise.

　　Routine four

　　Members set up in the middle, and special resources will be charged again.

　　According to the data published by some online video websites, the VIP membership rate of some websites has reached more than 90%, which means that among 100 users, more than 90 people are VIP members, but when most people become VIP members, the membership rights are not so "distinguished".

　　The reporter’s investigation found that VIP members, including video websites such as Tencent Video, still need to pay extra when watching some sports programs; In some online audio-visual services such as QQ music, some music downloads, even if they are members of Green Diamond, still have to be charged separately.

　　Routine five

　　Inductive renewal fee

　　OK, just pay for special resources, but sometimes, when you click on the pop-up page to pay, it becomes a VIP member "renewal fee" instead of "purchase", and the resources you want are still not available.

　　In an interview with a reporter from Zhongxin.com, a user said that she used her member account to download songs on an online audio-visual platform, showing that she paid extra, and then a payment window popped up. "After paying, I still can’t download them. After paying for three times in a row, I found that it was renewed for three times. Finally, I found the purchase channel in a small line on the page, which can be marked prominently as ‘ Renewal fee ’ It is easy to be fooled. "

　　Routine six

　　Only payment channels that can be "automatically deducted" are provided.

　　The No.42 document previously issued by Networked Clearing Co., Ltd. makes it clear that before June 30, the direct connection between all third-party payment institutions and banks will be cut off, and banks will no longer directly provide withholding channels for third-party payment institutions.

　　The reporter noticed that Youku and others only provide payment methods that support withholding services, such as Alipay, WeChat payment or SMS from operators, and do not support payment channels that cannot automatically deduct fees.

　　Enterprise: This is an industry phenomenon.

　　The reporter contacted the relevant staff of two online video websites and got a response, saying that VIP members can meet the differentiated needs of users well, and it is not mandatory, and users can choose by themselves.

　　"As for ‘ Routine ’ This is an industry phenomenon, not just online video, including online music, online download, online knowledge payment and other fields. Many companies do this. "

　　Some users spend thousands of dollars a year.

　　Although it is not mandatory, the burden is not small for users. "I have opened Youku, Iqiyi, Mango TV, Tencent videos, and I can’t remember them. The reason for recharging members every time is probably because of popular online dramas or variety shows." The above-mentioned senior online video user said.

　　It is understood that the annual fee for VIP members of Tencent video is 198 yuan, and most of the online video VIP members are also around 200 yuan. For example, if a user has opened 10 VIP members, it will cost more than 2,000 yuan a year.

　　In addition, don’t underestimate the VIP membership fee of tens of dollars per month. According to media reports, because there are many kinds of members charging for the Internet, many users spend five or six thousand yuan on membership purchases every year.

　　How can I cancel the "automatic fee deduction"?

　　Having said that, how can the "automatic deduction" be cancelled? The reporter found that there are basically two methods. One is to provide websites that cancel automatic renewal, such as Tencent Video and Youku, which can be cancelled in automatic renewal management. But there are relatively few such websites.

　　More online video website member centers don’t have a cancel button, so they can only cancel through the purchase channel.

　　For example, if you want to cancel the "automatic deduction" for VIP members purchased through Alipay, you can find the corresponding application in Alipay My-Settings-Payment Settings-Confidential Payment/Automatic Deduction-Payment Code and Sonic Confidential Payment, and just cancel. (End)

CCTV News:The National Bureau of Statistics released today (October 9) that since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s opening-up level has reached an unprecedented height, the scale of foreign trade has grown steadily, and its status as a major trading country has been further consolidated.

2013— In 2021, the cumulative import and export of goods in China was 262.3 trillion yuan, with an average annual growth rate of 5.4%. The total import and export of general trade was 149.8 trillion yuan, accounting for 57.1% of the total import and export value of goods in the same period.

2014— In 2021, China’s service import and export scale ranked second in the world for eight consecutive years. 2013— In 2021, China’s cumulative import and export of knowledge-intensive services was 2.1 trillion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 9.3%.

2013— In 2021, the accumulated amount of foreign direct investment in China’s non-financial sectors was 1.2 trillion US dollars, and the amount of foreign direct investment in 2021 increased by 55.3% compared with 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 5%.

2013— In 2021, China’s foreign investment flows ranked among the top in the world, and the total foreign direct investment flows reached 1.4 trillion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 8.2%. In the past decade, the number of free trade agreements signed by China has increased from 10 to 19, and the proportion of trade with free trade partners in China’s total trade has increased from 17% in 2012 to 35% in 2021.

Wan Jiao Mi Cai [2019] No.171

Municipalities, counties (districts) Education Bureau, Statistics Bureau and Finance Bureau:

According to the statistical report of education funds in 2018 reported by all localities, after statistical analysis, the implementation of education funds statistics in cities and counties (districts) in 2018 is announced as follows:

First, the province’s education funds

In 2018, the total investment in education in the province was 150.118 billion yuan, an increase of 9.16% over the previous year’s 137.516 billion yuan. Among them, the financial education funds (mainly including the education funds arranged by the general public budget, the education funds arranged by the government funds, the funds allocated by enterprises in running schools, and the funds used for education from the income of school-run industries and social services, etc.) were 123.152 billion yuan, an increase of 8.02% over the previous year’s 114.005 billion yuan.

Second, the general public budget for education funds

(A) the province’s general public budget for education funding growth

In 2018, the province’s general public budget for education (including education expenses, infrastructure expenses and education surcharge) was 111.149 billion yuan, an increase of 9.77% over the previous year’s 101.252 billion yuan. Among them, the central and provincial financial education funds were 30.717 billion yuan, an increase of 11.41% over the previous year’s 27.570 billion yuan.

(B) the growth of education funds in the general public budget for all levels of education students.

In 2018, the growth of the average public budget for education in kindergartens, ordinary primary schools, ordinary junior high schools, ordinary senior high schools, secondary vocational schools and ordinary colleges and universities in the province is as follows:

1. The kindergarten in the whole province is 5769.00 yuan, an increase of 18.88% over the previous year’s 4852.87 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Huaibei has the fastest growth (with an increase of 59.58%); Among the counties (cities, districts, excluding the city level, the same below), Wangjiang County of Anqing City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 426.00%).

2. The average primary school in the province was 10,419.13 yuan, up 7.78% from 9,666.92 yuan in the previous year. Among the 16 cities, Huaibei has the fastest growth (with an increase of 25.36%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Lu ‘an Economic and Technological Development Zone in Lu ‘an City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 83.02%).

3. The average junior high school in the province is 16,214.80 yuan, up 11.19% from 14,582.36 yuan in the previous year. Among the 16 cities, Tongling has the fastest growth (with an increase of 37.96%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Lu ‘an Economic and Technological Development Zone in Lu ‘an City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 114.01%).

4. The average senior high school in the province is 13,374.66 yuan, up 10.93% from 12,057.01 yuan in the previous year. Among the 16 cities, Fuyang has the fastest growth (with an increase of 32.95%); Among the counties (cities, districts), jieshou city, Fuyang City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 466.36%).

5. The province’s secondary vocational schools were 14,839.15 yuan, up 13.08% from 13,123.28 yuan in the previous year. Among the 16 cities, Hefei has the fastest growth (with an increase of 53.92%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Huaining County in Anqing City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 89.93%).

6. The average colleges and universities in the province were 15,913.66 yuan, up 1.6% from 15,662.54 yuan in the previous year. Among the 16 cities, Chizhou has the fastest growth (with an increase of 10.38%).

(three) the growth of education expenditure per student at all levels in the general public budget.

In 2018, the average public budget expenditure for education in kindergartens, ordinary primary schools, ordinary junior high schools, ordinary senior high schools, secondary vocational schools and ordinary colleges and universities in the province is as follows:

1. The kindergarten in the whole province is 5377.62 yuan, up 21.57% from 4423.33 yuan in the previous year. Among them, the rural area was 4639.17 yuan, an increase of 24.21% over the previous year’s 3735.04 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Huaibei has the fastest growth (with an increase of 55.89%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Hefei New Station High-tech Industrial Development Zone in Hefei City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 266.45%).

2. The average primary school in the province was 9,850.91 yuan, up 9.02% from 9,035.59 yuan in the previous year. Among them, the rural area was 9815.58 yuan, an increase of 6.92% over the previous year’s 9180.53 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Huaibei has the fastest growth (with an increase of 25.24%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Lu ‘an Economic and Technological Development Zone in Lu ‘an City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 68.22%).

3. The average junior high school in the province is 15,021.25 yuan, up 13.46% from 13,239.49 yuan in the previous year. Among them, the rural area was 14960.81 yuan, an increase of 11.56% over the previous year’s 13410.23 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Tongling has the fastest growth (with an increase of 34.75%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Lu ‘an Economic and Technological Development Zone in Lu ‘an City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 124.37%).

4. The average senior high school in the province is 11,954.00 yuan, up 16.05% from 10,300.82 yuan in the previous year. Among them, the rural area was 11403.12 yuan, an increase of 16.91% over the previous year’s 9753.76 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Tongling has the fastest growth (with an increase of 42.93%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Lieshan District of Huaibei City has the fastest growth (an increase of 78.45%).

5. The secondary vocational schools in the province were 11,895.19 yuan, an increase of 8.28% over the previous year’s 10,985.90 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Tongling has the fastest growth (with an increase of 38.60%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Lixin County of Bozhou City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 97.32%).

6. The average colleges and universities in the province are 15,466.38 yuan, up 7.48% from 14,389.81 yuan in the previous year. Among the 16 cities, Huainan has the fastest growth (with an increase of 56.89%).

(four) the growth of public expenditure in the general public budget for all levels of education.

In 2018, the average public expenditure of kindergartens, ordinary primary schools, ordinary junior high schools, ordinary senior high schools, secondary vocational schools and ordinary colleges and universities in the province is:

1. The kindergarten in the whole province is 2129.28 yuan, an increase of 6.90% over the previous year’s 1991.80 yuan. Among them, the rural area was 1783.71 yuan, an increase of 9.47% over the previous year’s 1629.40 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Bozhou has the fastest growth (with an increase of 78.19%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Fuyang Economic and Technological Development Zone has the fastest growth (with an increase of 3246.18%).

2. The average primary school in the province was 2,993.42 yuan, up 1.02% from 2,963.34 yuan in the previous year. Among them, the rural area was 2820.65 yuan, down 3.96% from the previous year’s 2936.87 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Huaibei has the fastest growth (with an increase of 13.93%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Hefei New Station High-tech Industrial Development Zone in Hefei City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 156.43%).

3. The average junior high school in the province is 4,286.68 yuan, up 0.99% from 4,244.80 yuan in the previous year. Among them, the rural area was 4,042.36 yuan, down 4.40% from the previous year’s 4,228.56 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Tongling has the fastest growth (with an increase of 16.81%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Wuhu Economic and Technological Development Zone has the fastest growth (with an increase of 170.12%).

4. The average senior high school in the province was 2,476.75 yuan, up 1.41% from 2,442.42 yuan in the previous year. Among them, the rural area was 2462.89 yuan, down 1.62% from the previous year’s 2503.44 yuan. Among the 16 cities, Huaibei has the fastest growth (with an increase of 58.2%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Yi ‘an District of Tongling City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 323.43%).

5. The province’s secondary vocational schools are 5274.26 yuan, up 4.85% from 5030.22 yuan in the previous year. Among the 16 cities, Huainan has the fastest growth (with an increase of 36.00%); Among the counties (cities, districts), Yu ‘an District of Lu ‘an City has the fastest growth (with an increase of 471.39%).

6. The average colleges and universities in the province were 7456.43 yuan, up 10.08% from 6773.80 yuan in the previous year. Among the 16 cities, Tongling has the fastest growth (with an increase of 64.81%).

(five) the proportion of general public budget education funds to general public budget expenditure.

In 2018, the proportion of the province’s general public budget education expenditure to the general public budget expenditure of 657.215 billion yuan was 16.91%, an increase of 0.59 percentage points over the previous year’s 16.32%.

Attachment: Statistics on the implementation of education funds in Anhui Province in 2018

Anhui Provincial Department of Education, Anhui Provincial Bureau of Statistics, Anhui Provincial Department of Finance

November 19, 2019

Jing Jing Xin Fa [2024] No.22

All relevant units:

　　The "Beijing Action Plan for Accelerating the Construction of Information Software Industry Innovation and Development Highland" is hereby printed and distributed to you, please implement it carefully.

Beijing Bureau of Economy and Information Technology　　　　

April 19, 2024　　

　　(This piece is publicly released)

Beijing’s Action Plan for Accelerating the Construction of Information Software Industry to Innovate and Develop Highlands

　　At present, the big model of artificial intelligence and the dual-core drive of new production factors of data, combined with multiple factors such as Internet technology innovation, the emergence of new hardware iterations, and the close integration of finance and information, jointly promote the reshaping of the global information software industry. In order to seize the opportunity of industrial transformation and accelerate the construction of a highland for innovation and development of the information software industry, this action plan is formulated.

　　I. General requirements

　　Accurately grasp the development trend of the information software industry, adhere to the comprehensive system concept, take the global competition as the guide, fully embrace the big model, ensure the safety of the industrial chain, seize the development opportunities of new formats, build a new data-driven mechanism, strengthen international expansion, promote regional synergy, create an open and inclusive new situation of high-quality development of the information software industry, and strongly support the construction of a global digital economy benchmark city.

　　Innovation leads. Take technological innovation as the starting point of high-quality industrial development, give full play to the leading role of disruptive technologies and cutting-edge innovations in new industries, new formats, new products and new models, and accelerate iteration to form new quality productivity of information software industry.

　　Prospective layout. Facing the future, lay out the key nodes of the information software industry, strengthen the overall judgment of the global industrial development trend, identify the key technologies that may cause industrial changes, clarify the strategic objectives, key areas and key paths of industrial development, appropriately lay out industrial infrastructure in advance, and do a good job in industrial risk assessment.

　　High-end intelligence. Continuously improve the technical level of the industry, iteratively optimize the service value, and promote the industry to continue to move towards the high-end link of the value chain. We will continue to promote the high-end intelligent development of the industry, use information software technology to empower the manufacturing industry to "change intelligence into digital transformation", promote the supply of high-quality digital consumption, and effectively improve the level of industrial intelligence.

　　Data driven. Promote the application of data elements and industrialization, and improve data development tools and infrastructure. Explore the data entry mechanism to form a closed loop of data production and consumption. Use data to improve the level of intelligence in the industry, promote a substantial increase in production efficiency, and optimize social governance capabilities.

　　Global governance. Integrate into the innovation and application ecology of the global information software industry, adhere to the principle of improving science and technology, consolidate the industrial safety base, explore the governance and supervision system suitable for emerging technologies, actively participate in international open source governance, and comprehensively shape the expected stable and good innovation environment.

　　Second, the main objectives

　　By 2027, the operating income of Beijing’s information software industry will reach 4.8 trillion yuan. There are not less than 4 information software enterprises with a level of 100 billion and not less than 35 information software enterprises with a level of 10 billion. Cultivate world-class information software enterprises and build an internationally competitive information software industry cluster.

　　-The applied ecology of large-scale models has taken initial shape. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) technology has reached the international leading level, and about 20 internationally competitive software Agents and industry models have been formed in 10 fields, including education, medical care, science and technology, culture, finance, telecommunications, transportation, automobiles, semiconductors and urban governance, and agent and industry model application stores have been built. Build the leading cloud computing infrastructure of model as a service in China. Set up about 10 artificial intelligence scene application laboratories and build an artificial intelligence open source community with extensive participation of international developers.

　　-comprehensive reconstruction of key software. Basic software, industrial software and network security software are upgraded by using large models. The performance of key products has reached the international advanced level, and the user experience has been significantly improved. 30% of key software enterprises above designated size launch software products that integrate large model capabilities, and key software enterprises introduce large model-aided programming development paradigm.

　　-New software formats have emerged. The layout adapts to new hardware products such as body intelligence, XR head display, vehicle terminal, intelligent computer (AIPC) and key software of the terminal. Cultivate more than 10 enterprises with revenues exceeding 1 billion yuan in the field of digital people, digital space and digital goods, and create about 10 information consumption experience points such as business districts, blocks, cultural attractions and stadiums in the meta-universe.

　　-data governance capabilities have improved. Explore several new formats, cultivate more than 1,000 models and 100 service providers, promote the integration of several products into the manufacturing process, and build several production bases in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

　　-the global competitiveness of the industry has been significantly improved. Cultivate more than 50 overseas software explosions in cross-border e-commerce, short videos, games and other fields, and promote Beijing enterprises to participate in the construction of global information projects. Promote Beijing enterprises to join international open source organizations, contribute about 10 world-renowned open source software, and cultivate more than 20 benchmark enterprises for commercial R&D of open source projects.

　　Third, key tasks

　　(A) fully embrace the big model

　　1. Cultivate large-scale model application ecology

　　Improve the theoretical research and engineering capabilities of large models, explore the cutting-edge technologies of artificial general intelligence (AGI), and support large model tools such as content generation (AIGC), retrieval enhanced generation (RAG), content security identification of artificial intelligence, deep learning framework, vector database, and artificial intelligence-aided programming. Build a large model native software application store, including agents and industry models in education, medical care, science and technology, culture, finance, telecommunications, transportation, automobiles, semiconductors, urban governance and other fields. Build a large-scale model safety shooting range, and organize the establishment of a large-scale model performance and safety rating and evaluation mechanism.

　　2. Building a model as a service cloud computing infrastructure

　　Encourage enterprises to build a service cloud computing platform that covers the functions of model selection, code hosting, data supply, parameter fine-tuning, reinforcement learning, prompt engineering, semantic engineering, model deployment, operation monitoring, model governance, model security, etc. Support cloud computing platforms to carry out business docking with user units, and promote government platforms such as Jingtong, Beijing Office and Jingzhi to adopt large-scale cloud computing services. With the goal of building a single Wanka intelligent computing center, the key technologies of cloud computing, such as computing chip, high-performance communication, scheduling system and container arrangement, are organized to master the ability of super-large-scale artificial intelligence infrastructure construction.

　　3. Promote the landing of large model scenes

　　Support the construction of artificial intelligence scene application laboratories in the fields of education, medical care, science and technology, culture, finance, government affairs, industry, energy, biomedicine, etc., and create demonstration scene landing projects. Encourage primary and secondary schools to connect with large model enterprises, train teachers’ vertical models and agent applications around specific subjects, provide students with personalized, high-quality, low-cost and convenient auxiliary teaching services, and reduce teachers’ teaching workload. Strengthen the collaborative innovation of general large model and medical vertical model, and explore the auxiliary diagnosis ability of artificial intelligence for professional diseases in specialized hospitals; Using internet hospitals to explore large-scale model guidance and consultation services. Set up a large model to assist scientific research projects of basic disciplines, and lay out the research system of AI for Science. Relying on the strategy of cultural digitalization, the technology of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AIGC) is used to improve the efficiency of digital innovation of cultural products. Promote large-scale models to improve the performance of financial technology and strengthen the ability of safety supervision. Provide convenient government services such as policy interpretation, rule consultation, work guide and official document writing based on big model technology. Using the large model to continuously optimize the robot’s ability to handle complex tasks, and promote the deep integration of robot and intelligent large model with body. Support the development of small and medium-sized enterprise model training, study tours and other activities.

　　(2) Build a solid foundation for key technologies.

　　4. Improve the quality of basic software

　　Encourage leading enterprises and management departments in the industry to be the chain owners of the industrial chain, and optimize the performance of basic software such as operating system, database and middleware by using the method of chain owners giving questions and enterprises answering questions. Accelerate the iterative efficiency of basic software, promote the new paradigm of large model-aided programming, support enterprises to use large models to develop software tools such as software and hardware adaptation, code migration, operation and maintenance management, and low-code development, and build a research and development system for the safe linkage between large model public cloud and enterprise private domain code base. Improve the usability of basic software, seize the new track of large model based on domestic operating system, and encourage the layout to develop artificial intelligence native software such as intelligent operating system, intelligent assistant, intelligent office and intelligent entertainment. Support domestic enterprises to cooperate with international leading large-scale model and basic software enterprises, promote technology linkage, accelerate product innovation, and achieve a win-win situation in the industry.

　　5. Consolidate the foundation of industrial software

　　Accelerate the convergence of industrial software data, promote the intelligent upgrade of industry users and manufacturing enterprises, promote the deepening application of industrial Internet, and accelerate the automatic data collection. Support the transformation of massive and fragmented industrial knowledge and experience into industrial software models and cultivate industrial knowledge processing enterprises. Strengthen the collaborative research and development of industrial software, support Beijing industrial software enterprises to tackle key problems in pairs with global industry users, and redevelop industrial software such as industrial operating system, CAD, CAE, EDA, PLC, DCS, ERP, PDM, MOM, PLM by using big model technology.

　　6. Tackling new network security software

　　Support the establishment of a large-scale network security laboratory, tackle key problems of artificial intelligence full-stack network software and systems, actively respond to new threats such as large-scale production viruses and ransomware, and improve the automation level and traceability of actual combat attack and defense. Strengthen the offensive and defensive drills of key information infrastructures such as finance, telecommunications and energy. Build an open source security detection platform for Xinchuang, and carry out security risk detection for Xinchuang products and open source codes. Promote the preparation of network security standards for new hardware terminal equipment such as self-driving cars and industrial equipment. Organize cyber security attack and defense competitions to attract internationally renowned cyber security events to be held in Beijing. Carry out network security insurance pilots to guide users to purchase independent innovation network security software.

　　(C) seize the opportunity to cultivate new formats

　　7. Layout new software with software and hardware cooperation.

　　For new terminals such as personal intelligence, XR equipment, intelligent computers, vehicle-mounted terminals, and Internet of Things equipment, we will guide the collaborative innovation of software and hardware. Forward-looking layout with intelligence, strengthen the docking of artificial intelligence enterprises with robots and major equipment manufacturing enterprises. The key technologies, such as space computing and content rendering, are organized by the way of equipment manufacturers issuing questions and enterprises revealing lists. Take the head PC manufacturer as the chain owner, promote the innovation of chip instruction set, promote the adaptation and optimization of new chips, motherboards and other hardware, and support the research and development of new software such as agent operating system and PC-side intelligent applications. Organize car companies and information software companies to tackle key problems in pairs, strengthen the integration and innovation of car-level chips, on-board software and large-scale model technology, promote the landing of autonomous driving middleware, accelerate the boarding of intelligent interface software, and develop large-scale model development tools for car software. Establish technical standards for interconnection of IOT devices, support the open source of the underlying IOT operating system, and develop software middleware by combining high-end sensors, IOT chips, new short-distance communication, high-precision positioning and other devices. Plan and organize research on the operating system kernel, compiler and other underlying software of RISC-V chip in advance to realize the synchronization of chip development and software iteration.

　　8. Develop new Internet 3.0 formats.

　　Relying on the industrial innovation center and other institutions to issue cross-platform and cross-terminal digital content interconnection technical standards, digital content such as digital people and digital goods can be reused and re-created between different platforms such as the virtual space of the meta-universe and XR terminals. Establish a service platform for digital people, explore the rules of digital people’s application, circulation, transaction and copyright protection, carry out classification and evaluation of digital people, and build a digital content warehouse with rich quantity and good circulation. Support around the light field, moving capture, XR studio and other large-scale devices and equipment, supporting the functions of deposit, display, new product release, investment and financing, building an Internet 3.0 enterprise innovation incubator cluster and building a benchmark digital human base. Encourage the use of metacosmic technology to enhance the service experience of offline places such as business districts, scenic spots, museums, sports venues and industrial sites, and adopt the model of "front store and back factory" to cultivate a number of content creation enterprises around the offline metacosmic experience scene. Encourage leading enterprises in sub-sectors such as electronics, automobiles, petrochemicals, aviation, metallurgy and urban construction to take the lead in exploring industrial metacosmic solutions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

　　9. Improve the governance capacity of the Internet platform.

　　Promote the steady development of the Internet platform, promote the improvement of science and technology, protect users’ privacy, and create a good environment for innovation. Support platform enterprises to give full play to their technological advantages and carry out hard science and technology innovation for key software and emerging fields. Optimize the coordination mechanism of management departments, and strengthen the exploration, trial, pilot verification and popularization of new technologies and new formats. Explore the construction of a domestic "regulatory sandbox" environment and build a data flow regulatory sandbox.

　　(D) Explore new data-driven mechanisms

　　10. Foresight leads several innovations.

　　Several pieces are new software based on data independent decision-making. Strengthen the insight and judgment on the new form of data application, and actively explore several standards, development processes, safety specifications and quality evaluation systems. Encourage Beijing’s data-dominant industries such as education, medical care, scientific research, culture and finance, as well as key manufacturing industries such as electronics, automobiles, equipment, biomedicine and materials, and process data such as industry knowledge, expert experience and industrial mechanism models into several pieces through large-scale model training and software programming. Encourage research on data identification and compliance technologies such as data consanguinity analysis and automatic content identification (ACR). Build several cloud service platforms covering several functions such as distribution, code management, online simulation verification and security vulnerability scanning.

　　11. Cultivate several pieces of applied ecology.

　　Support the research and development of several underlying systems for industry scenarios, accelerate the integration of several pieces into the production process, promote the digitalization and intelligent upgrade of the production process, and realize flexible production mode. Mining several application cases in the fields of education, medical care, scientific research, culture, finance and manufacturing. Strengthen the convergence of several cities, build a city-wide awareness communication network, and build a city-level data production network system with global influence. Encourage traditional software enterprises and system integrators to transform into several pieces of service providers, cultivate a group of technical and service-oriented data service enterprises with international vision, and build several pieces of production bases in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei.

　　(V) Promoting the global distribution of China software.

　　12. Support domestic software to go international.

　　Encourage the internationalization of software, adopt overseas market classification strategy, deploy cross-border internet applications such as e-commerce, short plays, videos and games in Europe, America and Southeast Asia, and export overall information solutions to Europe and Asia. Organize information software enterprises to cooperate with cross-border cloud computing service providers and internet platforms to reduce the cost and technical threshold for enterprises to go to sea. Encourage enterprises to build overseas R&D centers and public service platforms. Relying on professional organizations and alliances, we will improve the cross-border consulting service system and actively provide services such as laws and regulations, cross-border payment, data security, privacy protection, market access, overseas market environment assessment, and market risk early warning. With the help of overseas exchange platforms such as the global digital economy conference, we will promote domestic high-quality software. Explore the establishment of software industry incubation bases and industrial investment funds with international sister cities. Continue to optimize the network environment, strengthen technical exchanges at home and abroad, and explore the cross-border flow of data.

　　13. Participate in global open source governance.

　　Strengthen cooperation and exchanges with international open source organizations, encourage enterprises, institutions and experts to participate in global open source organizations, attract internationally renowned open source activities and conferences to Beijing, and cultivate professional domestic open source community operation teams. Encourage leading enterprises to release full-stack open source solutions covering basic software, application software and hardware facilities. Support enterprises to carry out commercial secondary development around open source software and cultivate open source software commercialization enterprises. Use blockchain, smart contracts and other technologies to explore a new revenue sharing mechanism for open source software and attract global talents to participate in Beijing’s open source solution innovation. Strengthen the protection of open source intellectual property rights, promote the formulation of software bill of materials (SBOM) standards, and develop software tools such as traceability, quality control and safety analysis of open source software. Promote open source products and activities into the campus.

　　(VI) Deepening inter-regional coordination and linkage.

　　14. Continue to strengthen cooperation between the central and local governments.

　　Strengthen cooperation between ministries and cities, and actively strive for major national software tasks, projects and projects to land in Beijing. Give full play to the respective advantages of central enterprises and local governments, promote regional coordinated development, implement major regional strategies, support large and medium-sized central enterprises as the main enterprises in the industrial chain, actively open their own scenarios, and jointly promote the iterative upgrade of the whole chain of software in sub-sectors with information software enterprises.

　　15. Promote the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei

　　Expand the information software industry sector in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and build an emerging software industry ecosystem with Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cooperation around new software fields such as large models and several pieces. Improve the supply level of network security capabilities in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and promote the construction of network security industry clusters. Relying on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Industrial Internet Collaborative Development Demonstration Zone, we will accelerate the innovation and development of industrial Internet and build a demonstration project for the integration and development of industrial Internet. Actively deploy the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Digital Transformation Promotion Center to promote the digital transformation and high-quality development of key industries in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei.

　　Fourth, safeguard measures

　　(A) to strengthen overall coordination

　　Establish a joint working mechanism with the participation of relevant municipal departments and district governments, coordinate and solve major problems across fields, departments and regions, increase the promotion of major projects, and refine the task list and time nodes. Invite leaders of head enterprises, research institutes and think tank experts to set up software industry think tanks. Give play to the role of industry associations and industry alliances as bridges and ties, and promote all parties concerned to build consensus and strengthen joint efforts.

　　(2) Do a good job in ensuring talent funds.

　　Actively introduce leading software talents at home and abroad. Relying on the institutions in Beijing, such as the characteristic model software college, the State Key Laboratory, the National Manufacturing Innovation Center, and the Engineering Research Center, we will promote the integration of production and education, science and education, and accelerate the training of talents such as large models, key software, and software internationalization. Make good use of the information industry development fund, focusing on industrial internet, network security and innovation, Beidou, Internet 3.0 and other fields. Strengthen the cultivation of waist enterprises, encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to actively integrate into the development of sub-industrial chains, and support unicorn enterprises, single champion enterprises and "little giant" enterprises specializing in special innovation in the software field to be listed on the New Third Board and the North Stock Exchange.

　　(C) Optimize the industrial spatial layout

　　Support Zhongguancun Software Park to continue to build a national software park benchmark, and promote Xinchuang Park in Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone to create a national software park. Promote the construction of a national cyber security industrial park and build a cyber security barrier. Strive for a national data security industrial park and improve the supply capacity of the data security industry. Construction of "Industrial Internet, Shunyi District, Haidian District, Chaoyang District, Shijingshan District, Beijing" national new industrialized industrial demonstration base. Create "maliandao Tea China Data Street" and build a highland of data industry. Accelerate the cultivation of digital people industry and do a good job in the operation of digital people innovation base. Strive for a national-level meta-cosmic industry pilot zone and explore the construction of an Internet 3.0 demonstration zone.

Special feature of 1905 film network Haven’t you fully satisfied your pursuit of excellent works? The cinema in April will continue to bring you wonderful things! At the beginning of the month, the Qingming file was welcomed, and at the end of the month, the May 1st file was followed. Nearly 30 new films will land on the big screen in April.

There are not only outstanding works in international film festivals, but also posthumous works, as well as high-profile documentaries that are expected by fans. The audience who love movies will celebrate the New Year.

In addition, animation fans can also feast their eyes! The director’s relay release will awaken the childhood DNA of countless audiences, and the spy play house, which is popular among the "Z generation", will also be the first film version. Do you want to see a good movie? Let’s take a look at the film list we prepared first!

Live movie

Between trees and grass

Director:

Starring://

Release date: April 3, 2024

Gu Xiaogang became famous for his first feature film, but at the same time, he also started the creation of a series of films called "Landscape Map". Now, the second film in this series, "Between Plants and Trees", is about to unveil the mystery. The film revolves around the West Lake and Chashan, and the main characters are a mother and son, starring Leo and Angel.

"Spring River Plumbing" is based on many real cases. He Mulian (Leo), a newly graduated college student, gave his life to save his mother when he found that his mother Wu Taihua (Angel) was caught in the mire of pyramid schemes.

The name of "Moss Flower" is taken from a sentence in Yuan Mei’s famous poem "Moss", "Moss Flower is as small as rice, but it also blooms like peony", and the name of "Mulian" is taken from the traditional folk story "Mulian Save Mother" in China. In this way, director Gu Xiaogang intends to use vegetation to describe people and explore China culture.

Snow leopard

Director: Pema Tseden

Starring:///

Release date: April 3, 2024

On May 8, 2023, a generation of Tibetan filmmaker Pema Tseden passed away. Without warning, China film industry lost its leading talents, leaving endless regrets.

Snow Leopard, written and directed by Pema Tseden, lasted for three years from its production to its completion. Based on the fact that a snow leopard killed nine goats, it explored the way of coexistence between human beings, nature and animals.

The film not only uses CG technology on a large scale, but also creates a rare digital image of Snow Leopard. Pema Tseden also uses a unique black-and-white image style to distinguish between reality and spiritual world.

Even though the director left, the art of light and shadow under his lens is still bright and inspiring.

Director:/

Starring://

Release date: April 3, 2024

Director Xu Wei has released a new work after that, "The Yellowbird is Behind! The painting will be opened in the Qingming Festival, and William Feng and Tao Hong will cooperate again after 14 years, and "Fengshen Proton" will make a surprise appearance in the film.

The original name of "The Victim" is "The Yellowbird Behind"! The creation time was much earlier than the director’s last released work, Brilliant She, which was originally scheduled to be released in Qingming in 2021, and now it is considered to be "late" for three years.

The film revolves around a robbery and murder case on a summer night ten years ago. It combines suspense, reasoning, crime and family elements, foreshadowing everywhere and reversing at different levels. It won the Venture Capital Award of the 9th Beijing International Film Festival, and the jury commented: "The story is full of dramatic tension, unique and ingenious narrative structure, and shows a strong emotional concentration. It is a genre film with very good commercial market potential."

Great "anti-"faction

Director:

Starring: Bao Beier/

Release date: April 4, 2024

Bao Beier vs comedy! "The Great Anti-school" is directed and performed by him, and tells the story that the little actor Bi Chao (Bao Beier) finally got the chance to play the great villain after all kinds of hardships. However, when he accidentally lost his memory, he mistakenly thought he was a suspect in the kidnapping case, so he continued his plan of "kidnapping the richest man", which triggered a series of ironic stories.

There are many high-burning moments in the film, such as blasting scenes, speeding scenes and chasing scenes, and "comedians" such as,,,, and will also appear to help out.

Under the sun

Director:

Starring://

Release date: April 12, 2024

Produced by producer, Under the Sun is the masterpiece of the new director of China and Hong Kong, Jane Junjin. It has been acclaimed and a box office success in Hong Kong, China in 2023. At the same time, it has been nominated for 16 Hong Kong Film Awards, including Best Film, Best Director and Best Actor and Actress, and it is a "big hit" in the award season.

The film is adapted from a real event, telling a reporter’s in-depth investigation into the abuse of disabled homes and exposing little-known stories hidden behind the news. Previously, Yu Xiangning, who played reporter Liang Xiaoqi, won the Best Actress Award at the 30th Hong Kong Film Critics Association Awards and the 2024 Hong Kong Film Directors Association Annual Awards.

Director:

Starring:///

Release date: April 12, 2024

Aaron Kwok followed up with comedy. He will play a cross-time father and daughter with Lyric. In addition to appearing as a father, Wang, a "puppy", will meet the audience.

You from Wang Xing tells the story of Jiang Siwang, a sugar factory worker, who raised his daughter Jiang Lu alone, only to become a puppy by mistake. Dad decided to start a "guardian journey" as a puppy Wang, and a fantastic healing story was about to begin.

Golden video store

Director:/

Starring: David Redmond//vittorio Scobie

Release date: April 19, 2024

"The film is a record of existence, dedicated to the soul of the film!"

Douban 8.8′ s highly acclaimed documentary "Golden Video Store" focuses on the story behind a video rental store in new york, paying tribute to many classic movie scenes, and the finalized posters can be seen in many world-renowned movie master.

Director David Redmond bluntly said: "There will always be a large number of movies that will be forgotten by the world forever, but when the love for movies comes together to rescue movies, that belongs to the tenacious vitality of movies and will never give in, erin brockovich". The film is scheduled to be shown on the special line of the National Art Film Projection Alliance on April 19th.

Director:

Starring://

Release date: April 30, 2024

"Stunt Madman" is adapted from the drama series of the same name in 1980s. Gosling plays a stuntman and Emily plays a former camera operator. After many years of filming, the two men who once had a love affair are on the same stage. The former wants to win back his beloved heart but accidentally finds himself involved in an evil criminal plan.

David leitch, a former stuntman, tried to integrate his own experience and observation into the film, and the filming process once broke the Guinness World Record for the most tumbling laps of stunt cars.

 animated movies

What kind of life do you want to live?

Director: Miyazaki Hayao

Dubbing://Amy//

Release date: April 3, 2024

What kind of life do you want to live? Miyazaki Hayao wrote down his answer first. At the age of 83, he painted his personal experiences and close friends in the film one by one, returning to past regrets and looking forward to the future, encouraging everyone to move forward bravely in the journey of life.

The soup house in the middle, the tree essence in the middle and the red pavilion in the middle … … Miyazaki Hayao buried a lot of surprise eggs in the film, which is expected. In addition, the original Japanese version was dubbed by Suda Masaki and Kimura Takuya, while the Chinese version was voiced by,,, and so on.

Digital Baby 02: The Initial Call

Director:

Voice: Katayama Fukujuro/Junko Noda/Arthur Langsberg

Release date: April 20, 2024

V-Beast, Bug Beast, Eagle Beast … When the digital beast appeared, whose childhood DNA was evoked? It coincides with the 25th anniversary of the animation of Digital Baby, and a new theatrical version of Digital Baby 02: The Initial Call is about to appear.

The film revolves around the story that happened between Daiwada, the first human who came into contact with the digital baby, and his digital baby Vucko beast after the "Light Hill Incident". The appearance of the main characters headed by Motomiya Daisuke has been adjusted to reflect their adult changes.

Hal’s Moving Castle

Director: Miyazaki Hayao

Voice:/Kimura Takuya/Akihiro Miwa

Release date: April 30, 2024

Douban 9.1, Miyazaki Hayao once said that his most satisfying work is "Hal’s Moving Castle", which is an animation he tried to create for the elderly. Sophie, a young girl, was cursed by a witch in the wilderness and turned into a 90-year-old woman. Hal’s Moving Castle was nominated for the best animated feature film at the 78th Academy Awards.

From 2004 to 2024, after 20 years’ waiting, the "Goddess-sealing Work" finally landed in the cinema in China. When you grow up, will you still walk into the cinema for it?

Spy play house code: white

Director: Pan Tongchong

Voice: Eguchi Takuya///Yoshinoyu

Release date: April 30, 2024

"Spy × Play House" is adapted from the comic book of the same name created by Tatsuya Endo, which has been highly sought after by Generation Z in recent years. "Spy Play House Code: White" is the first big movie of the IP, which continues the style of "Spy × Play House" which combines family and adventure elements, and creates the story of the "disguised family" Fujie family’s first group outing.

Whether the lovely Ania can set off a whirlwind on the mainland big screen remains to be seen.

So, what’s your favorite movie in April?

Original global intelligence agent, global intelligence agent

Turkey changed its English name

Author | Blue Sky and Clear Away

Editor | ｜Thomas

Turkey’s English country name "Turkey" also means "Turkey" in English. The United States has the habit of eating turkey on Thanksgiving Day. Turkey thinks that its country name is linked to turkey, which affects its national image.

Not only that, Turkey also derives the meaning of "idiot, fool" in English. In Chinese, Turkey also has a nickname called "native chicken".

Turks can’t stand their country name being used as a joke. At the beginning of 2022, Turkish President Erdogan signed a communique to change the spelling of English country names from Turkey to Turkey. The Turkish government indicated that it would register a new English name with the United Nations as soon as possible.

▲ The official Turkish travel website has been renamed.

How did Turkey’s English country name "Turkey" come into being? Why is it linked to "turkey"?

▲ Eating "turkey" becomes a Thanksgiving ceremony in the United States.

First, the "trouble" guinea fowl

In modern Turkish, Turkey is written as Türkiye (Land of Turks). The country name of Turkey evolved from the word Turk, which means "brave" in Turkic, and Turks also consider themselves direct descendants of Turks.

In the 3rd century BC, Huns first occupied the Mongolian Plateau. After the Han Dynasty weakened the Huns, Xianbei and Rouran successively occupied the Mongolian Plateau from the 2nd century to the 5th century. At the same time, there were other nomadic countries in Central Asia, and Turkey believed that its history was inextricably linked with these nomadic countries.

▲ The troubles of Sui and Tang empires.

In the 6th century A.D., Rouran’s Turkic tribe defeated Rouran and established the Turkic khanate in the Mongolian Plateau. However, under the attack of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Turkic khanate was split in two.

A large number of Turks migrated from Central Asia to West Asia, and the Turkic ministries who moved to West Asia converted to Islam and became an important political force in West Asia.

In 1299, Osman I, the leader of Kaye tribe of Ugus, a branch of Turkic, established political power in Asia Minor Peninsula, namely the Ottoman Empire.

In 1453, the Ottoman Empire occupied Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, and the Roman Empire, which lasted for thousands of years, died. After the annexation of the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire launched several rounds of invasions on Central Europe, and the imperial army became the nightmare of the Christian kingdom in Europe.

▲ Osman I

The word Turkey was originally transliterated from the Latin Turcae, referring to the nomadic people along the Black Sea. After the Turkic people came into contact with Europe, this word began to be used in a series of Turkic countries.

As early as before the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the Byzantine Empire (395- 1453 AD, the common language was Greek) once called the Seljuk Empire, another regime established by Turks in West Asia, Tourkia.

▲ Seljuk Empire was once the overlord of West Asia.

Since the Middle Ages, Europeans used to refer to the Muslim areas of the Ottoman Empire as "Turchia" or "Turquia", which means the land of Turks and Turks. These words can be found in the Book of the Duchess published by the British poet geoffrey chaucer in 1369.

After development, at the latest in 1719, the English spelling of "Turkey" was solidified into Turkey. Correspondingly, the ruling people of the Ottoman Empire were called "Turks". The Ottoman Empire is often called the "Turkish Empire". Since the Ottoman Empire is the core of the Islamic world, Europeans also use "Turkey" to refer to the Islamic world.

▲Turkey is a "common name" given by Europe to the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire likes to use the title of "Ottomans", but the title of "Turkey" is not popular.

Although there are many ethnic groups in the territory, the Ottoman Empire is more accustomed to roughly dividing its subjects into Muslims and non-Muslims based on religion. In 1517, the Ottoman Empire defeated the Mamluk dynasty that ruled Egypt and extended its rule to North Africa.

▲ Mamluk dynasty that once ruled around Egypt (red)

The Ottoman Empire controlled the trade routes from North Africa to Europe, and many products had to go through the Ottoman Empire to reach Europe, which inevitably led Europeans to have a misunderstanding-the Ottoman Empire was the origin of goods, and Guinea fowl was one of many misunderstandings.

▲ Guinea fowl

There are about 10 different species of guinea fowl, most of which live in sub-Saharan Africa. Its meat quality is drier and tougher than that of domestic chickens, with less fat and rich in protein.

After the Ottoman Empire conquered North Africa, Guinea fowl followed the footsteps of African businessmen and crossed the Sahara desert to North Africa, where it was transported to Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, via Arab or Greek businessmen in West Asia.

▲ Ottoman Empire before 1878

As the core of a huge empire, Istanbul is also a commercial center of the empire. Since the 16th century, people can see all kinds of guinea fowl in the bustling bazaar (market) in the city. These African-born birds are huge, their feathers are dotted with spots, and they are also very conspicuous in the bazaar.

Guinea fowl comes from far away sub-Saharan Africa, which is not the territory of the Ottoman Empire, but British businessmen in the Ottoman Empire still call it "turkey cock" or "turkey coq", that is, Turkish cock.

▲ Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire

From the 16th century, guinea fowl came to western Europe from the ports of North Africa with merchant ships. People in Britain and France did not deliberately explore which tribe the merchants bought these species from. The British people also imitated the merchants and called the guinea fowl "Turkish cock".

Compared with the British who try to save trouble, France, the Netherlands and other countries are more strict in naming. They know that the Ottoman Empire is not the origin of guinea fowl, but the "shrewdness" of countries such as France and Holland will stop here. They think that guinea fowl comes from distant India, and the French guinea fowl is called "Lepoulet indien" (Indian chicken).

It is precisely because of the British "trying to save trouble" that the guinea fowl originated in Africa has inexplicably become "made in Turkey". This misunderstanding became more and more serious. With the rise of the European colonial empire, Turkey was finally bound to turkey in the process of spreading English.

Second, in the name of Turkey

After the Ottoman Empire controlled the Middle East and North Africa, the traditional trade routes were controlled by it. Encouraged by opening up new trade routes to the East and spreading Christian beliefs to the outside world, Europeans ushered in the era of "great geographical discovery".

In 1492, although Columbus didn’t reach the East where he wanted to go, he let Europeans first touch the American continent. Countries such as Spain, Portugal, Britain and France have successively launched colonial activities in America.

▲ new route opening

In September 1620, a sailboat named "Mayflower" carried 102 passengers from England to Virginia Colony. Because the ship deviated from the course, may flower was forced to dock in today’s Massachusetts, which was far less developed than Virginia.

In order to survive, people decided to build a new town in Massachusetts and named it New Plymouth after the sailing place.

▲ Come to the New World

There is a widely spread story that neighboring Indians lend a helping hand to British immigrants. They sent all kinds of food, including turkey, and taught British immigrants how to fish and build houses.

In the autumn of 1621, New Plymouth ushered in a bumper harvest. In order to show gratitude, British immigrants invited Indians to celebrate together. Indian leader Massasso led his people to a banquet, and people sang and danced for three days, which was the embryonic form of Thanksgiving.

▲ Thanks to the Indians

In fact, there is no record of this carnival in the diaries of the first immigrants from New Plymouth. On the contrary, in 1637, john winthrop, the governor of Massachusetts, launched a war against Indian tribes. After killing hundreds of Pecots, Winslow announced to British immigrants that "this day should be a Thanksgiving Day. Thank God, we conquered Pecots".

The origin of Thanksgiving Day is not as beautiful as the legend, but the turkey was indeed obtained from the association between British immigrants and Indians. Before the arrival of European colonists, Indians had raised turkeys for hundreds of years.

▲ Winslow

In the eyes of British immigrants, turkey and guinea fowl are the same species. With a fat body and a colorful head, the name of the Turkish rooster was put on the turkey. Since then, the name "turkey fowl" has come into being.

Turkey, with its plump meat, soon became an important food for the colonial people in North America. The name of the turkey is also simplified, and the fowl (bird) used to indicate the attribute is omitted, and only the name of "origin" is retained (even if the turkey has nothing to do with Turkey).

"Turkey" has become the official name of turkey, and there is no difference between them except the case of the first letter.

▲ Turkey (left) and Guinea fowl (right)

The name of Turkey in English changed from guinea fowl to turkey, and so did the name of "Indian chicken" in French.

In addition to foreign countries, Polish, Hebrew, Catalan and other languages also call turkey "Indian chicken".

After the great geographical discovery, turkeys also appeared in the markets of the Ottoman Empire along with commercial activities. The Ottomans knew that this kind of chicken had nothing to do with themselves, so they learned from the French that turkey was called "hindi" (Indian chicken). India, however, was ruled by Britain in modern times. In local languages, most turkeys are called "Turkish chickens" like English.

▲ The Ottoman Empire in the 19th century

This story is somewhat similar to the fact that the Dutch bean in China population becomes China bean in the Dutch mouth, and the charm and fun of language are contained in it.

Looking at the essence of the problem, turkeys originating in North America have many names among the Indian population, meaning mostly "big bird". However, Indians have no right to speak, but Britain and the rising United States spread the name "turkey" all over the world with colonial expansion and cultural export.

▲ The British navy is strong.

Third, we are not "native chickens"

Almost every language has polysemy, and it is not surprising that country names have the same names as other things. "China" means porcelain, but few people compare China with porcelain.

However, turkey, as a necessary food for Thanksgiving in North America, is not only a little too ordinary, but also represents the meaning of being "eaten" by human beings, which cannot reflect the "sense of power" of the Ottoman Empire.

In the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire began to decline and became the target of aggression by European powers. At the same time, the colonial people in North America started the war of independence, and Britain was forced to recognize American independence in 1783.

▲ Thanksgiving Day

After 1800, turkey gradually became a regular dish on Thanksgiving Day. In 1863, President Lincoln set the date of Thanksgiving as the last Thursday in November. In English, the name of turkey solidified into turkey. Because the first impression of turkey seems to be not very smart, Turkey also extended "idiot, straw bag".

Britain is developing colonies all over the world, and the national strength of the United States is also booming. With the spread of English, turkey is known by more and more people, but most people know the word through turkey, and the original meaning of the word "Turkey" is not so important.

On the other side of the globe, the Ottoman Empire has indeed gone from bad to worse, becoming a "straw bag" bullied by the great powers.

▲ Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire.

By the end of the 19th century, Austria and Russia had turned the land of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans into their sphere of influence. Britain, France and Italy carved up the North African territory of the Ottoman Empire, and the weak Ottoman Empire really became a turkey in front of the big powers’ knives.

With the increasing influence of the west in the Ottoman Empire, the way that westerners equate "Turkey" with "Ottoman" also affected the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire began to accept the word "Turkey".

But until the end of 19th century, "Turkey" still had no meaning of modern nation or country. In the Ottoman Empire, "Turkey" has a certain derogatory meaning, usually referring to farmers in plateau mountainous areas.

The upper classes still call themselves "Ottomans" (Ottomans). The "Turkish" in the European and Ottoman populations do not refer to the same group of people.

▲ subjects of the empire

The great powers’ carve-up frenzy gave the Ottoman Empire a deep sense of crisis. From the end of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, a "pan-Turkic" ideological trend rose in West Asia, advocating the union of turkic peoples and the leading role played by the Ottoman Empire in it, driving turkic peoples to become self-reliant, and Turkey began to become the representative of the Turkic nation.

This collided with another trend of thought at that time, "Ottomanism" (revitalizing the Ottoman Empire and highlighting Ottoman identity). Ottoman (Ottoman), Turkey (Turkey) and Islam (Islam) together constituted the identity of the empire.

In 1914, the Ottoman Empire put all its eggs in one basket and joined the First World War against the background of alliance with Germany and Austria. As a result, the Allied Group was defeated in World War I, and the Ottoman Empire was forced to sign the harsh Treaty of Sevres.

The Arab settlements controlled by the Ottoman Empire were ceded to Britain, France and other countries, and even the western part of Asia Minor Peninsula, where the main ethnic group Turks lived, was ceded to Greece.

▲ Autumn in Danger

The Ottoman Empire slipped to the brink of national subjugation, and young officers headed by Kemal organized a resistance struggle. Kemal said that "the independence of the Ottoman nation should be maintained".

During the war, there was a wave of referring to the country as "Turkey" in the Ottoman Empire. Amir Pasha, a government official, opposes the use of Turkey to address a country or a nation.

He said, "We have established the caliphate system in the name of Islam … We are not just gathered here in the name of Turks. It is more appropriate to say Muslims or even Ottomans than Turks. In our hometown, there are Caucasians, Chechens, Kurds and other Muslims. The use of Turkish appellations will exclude (these groups). "

▲ The Last Sultan of the Empire

After more than two years of life-and-death fighting, Kemal defeated the invading army headed by Greece and re-signed the fairly Lausanne Treaty with western countries. The core territory of the former Ottoman Empire was preserved, and the Turks became the absolute subject nation of the qualified new country. After the victory of the war, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was expelled and the empire came to an end in 1922.

In order to make a thorough cut with the Ottoman Empire and break the state system of the integration of politics and religion that lasted for hundreds of years, Kemal initiated the secularization reform, and the importance of religion in social life decreased greatly. He argued that "Turkey" should be the name of the new country. "Turkey" has changed from a vague political term to the name of a country, but it is still written in Arabic characters during the Ottoman Empire.

▲ Kemal, who is honored as the father of Turkey.

During the secularization reform, Turkey established a representative democracy by learning from the West, Latin letters replaced the original Arabic writing system, and Türkiye ("Turkey" in Turkish) became a new way to write country names.

After the establishment of the brand-new Turkey, Turkey has developed into an important country in West Asia from the 20th century to the 21st century. By 2020, the country’s GDP totaled 720 billion US dollars, ranking 19th in the world and 1st in West Asia. The standing army of more than 600,000 makes Turkey a NATO country second only to the United States in terms of strength.

However, with the stagnant economic situation in Turkey in recent years, nationalism has begun to rise. Especially since the current Turkish President Erdogan took office in 2014, the strengthening of religious forces has also worried the outside world that Turkey will have a wave of "anti-secularization".

In addition, Turkey is also actively involved in the affairs of surrounding areas. Under the background of national strength, many Turks express their dissatisfaction with the English spelling of country names. How can the country name be associated with the food on the table? Moreover, this name has been ridiculed by the world from time to time, and serious country names should not be regarded as the object of playing tricks.

▲ The Turkish army entered Syria

In 2021, Turkey launched the English country name adjustment action. In January 2022, Erdogan signed a decree to change the English spelling of the name of Turkey from Turkey to Turkiye(Türkiye). Turkey has also launched a publicity and public relations campaign called "HelloTürkiye" on social networks and TV media at all costs.

▲ Renaming activities

In addition to adopting relevant resolutions at home, changing the English spelling of country names needs the cooperation of the international community. Turkish officials said that they would apply to the United Nations to urge the international community to accept new English names as soon as possible.

There are many precedents for changing foreign translation names, and most of the reasons are to erase colonial marks (for example, Ivory Coast is changed to C? te d ‘Ivoire); Promote national unity (for example, Myanmar has changed Burma with great Burmese color into Myanmar that can refer to all ethnic groups); Pronunciation in line with the national language (for example, South Korea changed Seoul to Seoul).

But like Turkey, the name is changed because the name is tied to poultry, but it is unique in the world.

However, modern Turkish is also spelled with Latin letters. The so-called change of English country name is only the transplantation of Turkish spelling into English. "Turkey" in English and "Türkiye" in Turkish actually sound almost the same, which is difficult to distinguish in spoken English. It also makes people suspect that renaming will not actually achieve results.

In the eyes of some people, Turkey’s change of English-speaking countries is more about service politics. At present, Turkey’s economy is in recession, the Turkish lira has depreciated sharply, and domestic inflation has risen sharply. The Turkish domestic opposition criticized Erdogan for "putting on a show" and accused him of using the name change to stir up national sentiment to divert people’s attention to the economic downturn and shift the accusation of his ineffective governance.

▲ In Turkey, money is becoming less and less valuable.

Supporters believe that it is necessary for Turkey to correct Türkiye’s name, and they praise the government for showing Turkish culture and values in the best way. After all, having the same name as "Turkey" is detrimental to the national image, and they think their country name should be respected.

Long-term author | Blue sky and clear distance

A veteran lover of history

Editor in charge | ｜Thomas

Graduate of London School of Economics and Political Science | Editor-in-Chief of Global Intelligence

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Original title: "Goodbye" Chicken "! The English name of Turkey will be changed from Turkey to Turkey? 》

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