abstract:

The orderly return to work of more than 50 million migrant workers in the construction industry is related to the overall situation of economic and social stability. China Economic Information Agency, china construction news Agency and china association for labour studies recently conducted a joint survey on local government departments, construction enterprises and construction workers. The results show that at present, the rate of major projects in various places is relatively high, and the support policies and related guarantees are relatively adequate. However, most non-major projects still face outstanding problems such as low rate of workers returning to work, poor accommodation conditions on the site and rising prices of building materials, which greatly restricts the resumption of work and production. Since the first quarter is not the peak season of construction industry, many interviewed enterprises said that if the orderly resumption of work and production is realized as soon as possible, it is expected that the construction gap in the first quarter will be made up in the last three quarters.

Experts believe that the working environment of construction sites is low in standardization, the mobility of construction workers is high, the degree of professionalism is low, the level of standardized management is low, and there are big shortcomings in emergency response capacity. It is suggested that all localities should comprehensively consider and make precise policies on personnel prevention and control, transportation of epidemic prevention materials and building materials, and realistically adjust the corresponding charging standards in the cost quota for the shortage of labor and the increase of labor costs, so as to reduce the burden for enterprises reasonably and legally, and avoid enterprises from making subtraction on the project quality to make up for the losses under the dual pressure of labor shortage and time limit.

At this stage, we should accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional construction methods, vigorously promote prefabricated buildings and industrialized construction methods, take this epidemic as an opportunity to build an online employment information platform, and formulate relevant professional skills standards and evaluation norms for construction workers. The professionalization of construction workers can solve the problems of high turnover rate, high mobility and low sense of gain in the construction industry to some extent.

First, the construction site is facing multiple unfavorable factors.

In order to ensure the normal operation of the economy, all localities attach great importance to epidemic prevention work and actively guide construction sites to resume work in an orderly manner. However, due to multiple unfavorable factors, the resumption rate of projects under construction in many places is not high, the construction period is generally delayed, the payment of construction enterprises is not timely, and some enterprises even face the risk of capital chain breakage.

(1)The progress of resumption of construction in many places is slow.

According to the investigation, construction enterprises play a major role in the prevention and control of epidemic situation on site, and local governments are also continuously strengthening the guidance and supervision of epidemic prevention work on site and giving policy support to enterprises.

With the promotion of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other local government departments, as of March 8, 111,900 of the 192,500 housing construction and municipal infrastructure projects in China have resumed work, with a resumption rate of 58.15%.

Compared with previous years, the downtime of this construction site has been significantly prolonged, and the project period has been generally delayed. Xinhua News Agency economic analysts believe that the slow progress of resumption of work will lead to delays in the construction period, project breach, pressure on construction enterprises, and the longer the shutdown time, the greater the adverse impact on enterprises and industries.

(1)The delay in construction period leads to a substantial increase in project cost.

According to industry insiders, the delay in the construction period will lead to the project not being delivered as scheduled, and the construction unit needs to pay liquidated damages to the construction unit according to the number of days of delay. The liquidated damages of individual projects are as high as tens of thousands of yuan per day, which directly leads to a substantial increase in the project cost.

There are two kinds of delays. First, the local government of the project explicitly requested to postpone the resumption of work, which led to the delay of the construction period. In this case, if the losses and expenses caused by epidemic prevention and control increase, the relevant clauses of force majeure in the contract shall apply, and the liquidated damages may be exempted if the delay is within the specified time. Affected by the epidemic situation, the possible price fluctuation of labor, materials, equipment and machinery shall be jointly borne by the contracting parties according to the actual situation of the project.

Second, there is no mandatory requirement to postpone the resumption of work at the location of the project, but the labor or materials needed for the project are suspended, which indirectly affects the resumption of work. In this case, although according to the provisions of the contract law, the epidemic constitutes force majeure, and the construction unit has the right to waive its liability for breach of contract by claiming to postpone the construction period, it needs to be within a certain range, and the procedure is complicated and takes a long time. As a result, most construction units still have to pay a lot of liquidated damages.

According to Shanghai Jianling Chengda Law Firm, it is necessary to prove the existence of force majeure, the causal relationship between force majeure and the delay of the construction period, and the rationality of applying for the extension of the number of days. Considering the discretion of local courts and different judgment tendencies, the construction period that the contractor can claim to postpone can only be listed to the greatest extent, and it is uncertain whether the construction period can be fully supported by the employer or the referee.

In addition, even if we resume work as scheduled, the investigation and disinfection of epidemic situation at the construction site, the purchase of medical protective equipment, the isolation and disposal of suspected infected personnel, the shortage of labor and materials and the rising cost will push up the project cost. It is understood that most construction engineering materials implement information price, and the current market price has risen sharply. Once the information price adjustment is too low or lagging behind, it will lead to the inversion of information price and material purchase price, resulting in a large number of engineering losses.

(2)Some enterprises are facing the risk of capital chain breakage.,Migrant workers face the risk of unpaid wages.

Some construction enterprises are facing the risk of capital chain breakage, such as shrinking contract output value, idle materials, rising labor costs and untimely payment due to delayed resumption of work. Pay attention to the risk of wage arrears faced by migrant workers after returning to work.

Affected by the epidemic, enterprises were unable to participate in market bidding, and the contract output value shrank. Many expenses, such as damage (repair) expenses of materials and engineering equipment that have been transported to the construction site, rental expenses of engineering machinery and equipment, office rental expenses, wages of managers and left-behind workers that must be paid, and safety maintenance expenses on the construction site, have caused enterprises to face a lot of losses. The suspension and extension of the construction period lead to the failure of enterprises to recover the project funds on schedule, which makes the cash flow of enterprises more tense and the financial expenses increase. Some private construction enterprises’ funds can’t operate normally, and they are in danger of breaking the capital chain. Affected by this, migrant workers face the risk of unpaid wages, and it is more difficult to recover the previously owed wages.

Two or four problems restrict the construction site from returning to work.

On the whole, housing and urban-rural construction departments, construction enterprises and construction units all over the country have invested a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources to carry out site resumption and on-site epidemic prevention work, but at present, site resumption still faces problems such as shortage of workers, insufficient prevention and control materials and rising prices of building materials.

(A) the shortage of construction workers, it is difficult to recruit workers and it is difficult to return to work.

Fan Jun, secretary of the Party Committee and chairman of Beijing Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd., said that in recent years, industries such as express delivery have become more attractive to young laborers, and the difficulty in recruiting workers in the construction industry has become increasingly prominent due to problems such as high work intensity, low remuneration level and poor working environment. During this period, affected by the epidemic, some workers were unable to return to Beijing, and some workers needed to be temporarily isolated after returning to Beijing, making it difficult for them to take up their posts for a short time, which led to a more severe situation of "employment difficulties" for enterprises.

Major cities in China are still at high risk and high risk level, and risk prevention and control is strict. Migrant workers need to be isolated for 14 days, and enterprises bear their own costs, which greatly limits the return of workers.

(2)The accommodation conditions on the construction site are difficult to meet the standards, and the construction unit dare not take risks.

Many people in the industry reported that some local governments funded workers to return to work, which eased the pressure on enterprises to some extent. However, after workers reworked, most of them lived in collective dormitories, and the accommodation problem during the 14-day isolation period was difficult to solve.

"Who is the salary during the isolation period after the workers return to Tianjin? Where to isolate? How do workers eat and stay alone? According to the characteristics of site construction, most small and medium-sized enterprises are difficult to do. " Qin Jianfa, chairman of Tianjin Wenling Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., said that once a confirmed case is found on the construction site after the resumption of work, it will immediately stop work and be handled as an accident. Developers and construction units dare not take risks, and everyone is generally cautious about resuming work, preferring to delay the construction period.

(3)Lack of epidemic prevention materials makes it difficult to put prevention and control measures in place.

In the survey, enterprises generally report that there is a big gap in protective materials such as masks, protective clothing and infrared thermometers, which is a common problem that restricts the construction site from returning to work.

The National Development and Reform Commission announced on March 2 that on February 29, the national daily production capacity of masks will reach 110 million, and the daily output will reach 116 million. According to the prediction of the Safety and Health Protection Articles Committee of China Textile Business Association, if the whole country resumes production, the daily demand for masks will reach 500 million. There is still a big gap between supply and demand of epidemic prevention materials.

In Xinxiang City, Henan Province, although there are many manufacturers of epidemic prevention materials, such as masks, which are the main concentration of protective materials manufacturers in Henan Province, after the enterprises fully resume work, the number of employees of industrial enterprises above designated size is about 300,000, and the demand for masks is about 600,000 per day, so the output cannot fully meet the demand.

(4)Unbalanced supply and demand of building materials increases construction cost.

Economic operation is a complete industrial chain cycle. If any link is blocked, upstream and downstream enterprises can’t operate normally. At present, the levels of epidemic prevention and control are different across the country, the conditions of enterprises are different, and the progress of resuming work and production is also different.

According to the investigation, the imbalance between supply and demand of building materials is widespread, and raw materials such as steel bars, cement, sand and gravel are in short supply and prices are rising in some areas. Chen Guoqing, full-time vice president of China National Building Materials Federation, said that it is estimated that the output of cement above designated size will drop by 49% in January and February this year, and the output of commercial concrete, cement concrete products, technical glass, ceramic tiles, building stones and other products will drop by more than 30% compared with the same period of last year.

According to Zhou Xin, deputy chief engineer of Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Southern Expressway, during the epidemic, sand mining and quarrying companies in Jiangxi and Chongqing stopped production, and building materials could not be put in place for a long time. At present, the upstream production capacity is gradually recovering.

Third, speed up the intelligent upgrade to ease the pressure of returning to work on construction sites

Experts pointed out that the working environment of construction sites is low in standardization, the mobility of construction workers is high, the degree of professionalism is low, the level of standardized management is low, and there are big shortcomings in emergency response capacity. All localities should make overall arrangements and precise policies, reasonably and legally reduce the burden on enterprises, accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional construction methods, vigorously promote prefabricated buildings and new industrialized construction methods, and take the epidemic as an opportunity to build an online employment information platform and formulate relevant professional skills standards and evaluation norms for construction workers.

One isAdjust the corresponding charging standards in the cost quota realistically, so as to avoid enterprises from making subtraction in the project quality to make up for the losses under the double pressure of labor shortage and time limit.

For the increase of epidemic prevention cost, labor cost and raw material cost after the resumption of work, government departments should adjust the corresponding charging standards in the cost quota realistically, reduce the burden for enterprises reasonably and legally, and guide all participants to supplement the agreement according to the actual situation, jointly safeguard a fair and orderly market environment and ensure good project quality.

Hunan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development has clearly stipulated that a supplementary agreement can be signed according to the provisions for the changes in project price caused by epidemic prevention measures, changes in labor wages and material prices, and the expenses will be confirmed by the visas of both contracting parties and adjusted according to the actual situation.

During the epidemic period, construction enterprises are under great financial pressure, and the wage deposit for migrant workers can be appropriately reduced or exempted. At present, Chongqing has implemented the policy of reducing and exempting migrant workers’ wage deposits, with 50% reduction for construction units and general contracting enterprises that have not defaulted in Chongqing in the previous year, 60% reduction for two consecutive years, and exemption from migrant workers’ wage deposits for three consecutive years.

Regarding the risk of wage arrears faced by migrant workers, it is suggested that local people’s organizations, development and reform departments and other departments rely on the information platform to sort out and collect relevant information on wage payment of migrant workers, and regularly publish "credibility index for Wage Payment of Migrant Workers" and "Red and Black List of Enterprises"; For enterprises that fail to pay back their wages, we can increase the warning and punishment by means of informed criticism and credit evaluation deduction, so as to promote the formation of a social atmosphere in which they dare not, cannot and do not want to pay back their wages.

In addition, the corresponding local management agencies should take the initiative to strengthen the monitoring of labor and material prices of construction projects and the cost of epidemic prevention and control measures during the epidemic prevention and control period, timely and accurately release and adjust the cost information of various construction projects, and provide a basis for both contracting parties to reasonably determine the project price.

The second is to speed up the transformation of traditional construction methods and vigorously promote prefabricated buildings; Improve the intelligence level of the whole industry and ensure the smooth flow of information and logistics.

Under the epidemic situation, the advantage of factory production of prefabricated buildings is less than that of traditional construction sites, and it is easier to achieve factory resumption than site resumption. The industry believes that the epidemic has had an impact on the construction industry, but it is also an opportunity for industry transformation.

In the future, prefabricated construction enterprises will be divided into two development models. One is a comprehensive large-scale industrial group, which manages the whole process of construction projects from planning to construction to final operation and maintenance; The other is a "specialized", "refined" and "sophisticated" professional enterprise, which is excellent, refined and specialized in a certain field and forms standardized and universal products under the condition of marketization.

Fan Jun believes that the potential of prefabricated construction projects in saving labor has not been fully exerted, mainly because the construction technology is not mature enough, the industrial workers are insufficient, and the quality and supply capacity of prefabricated components still need to be improved. "Therefore, at this stage, the government needs to continue to introduce preferential policies and incentives to promote the sustainable development of prefabricated buildings."

Yuan Zhenggang, president of Guanglianda Technology Co., Ltd. suggested that construction enterprises should actively use digital technologies such as cloud computing, big data, Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, and adopt more online coordination methods to organize production to ensure the smooth flow of information and logistics. In the information flow part, it is necessary to improve the collaborative business management system and realize the integration of project and enterprise management; In the logistics part, enterprises can establish their own centralized procurement platform by improving the supply chain, and grasp the trends of supplier’s product processing and transportation in real time through other information technologies, so as to effectively ensure smooth logistics on the basis of full and effective linkage with suppliers.

The third is to deepen the reform of the labor employment system, build an online employment information platform, establish a construction worker training system and a vocational skill appraisal system, and effectively solve the labor shortage problem.

The insiders believe that the construction unit can be guided to train its own construction workers, mainly special jobs and high-skilled construction workers, as the technical backbone to undertake the work of shift or supervision on the construction site; Encourage construction enterprises to establish their own assembled professional workers and improve the professional construction ability and level of assembled buildings. Large and medium-sized labor service enterprises can make full use of their own advantages to build an online labor service platform and provide qualified construction workers for construction enterprises. Small and micro labor service enterprises should transform and develop into professional operation enterprises and do specialized professional operations.

Xinhua News Agency economic analysts believe that the professionalization of construction workers can solve the problems of high turnover rate, high mobility and low sense of acquisition in the construction industry to some extent. Large and medium-sized general contracting enterprises with conditions can establish training and assessment institutions for skilled personnel, and independently carry out training, assessment and certification of enterprise workers. Government departments should guide construction enterprises to carry out pre-job training and skills upgrading training by strengthening school-enterprise cooperation, new apprenticeship and other forms, and establish a skill-oriented incentive mechanism. Enterprises and government departments should jointly do a good job in the formulation of relevant professional skills standards and evaluation norms for construction workers, and promote the professional appraisal of construction workers in accordance with the occupational types specified in the national vocational qualification catalogue.

planrow: Kuang Lecheng Wang Shengjun Jinlei

holdpen: Li Anran Xiao Zhenghua

Research cooperation unit: china construction news, china association for labour studies

Participate in researchpersonnel: Juck Zhang Yuan Bo Wang Ning Zhu Cheng Sun Yin

Zhang Lei Cui Lu Yang Youzong Li Wenzhe Gao Yangyang Cheng Xiaoli Lan Haixiao

editvolume: Zhang Changan Wanli Li Wei Li Zhen

　　1. What is the background of the introduction of the measures?

　　In order to implement the 14th Five-year Plan for Beijing’s National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-term Objectives for the Year 2035, around the functional construction of the "four centers", we will continuously improve the level of "four services", further create an institutional environment for discovering, introducing, cultivating and retaining outstanding graduates, give full play to the role of college graduates as valuable human resources, and promote the high-quality development of the capital, and formulate the Administrative Measures for Introducing Graduates in Beijing.

　　Second, what is the main content of the method? What are the characteristics?

　　The "Measures" consists of 7 chapters and 26 articles, which are divided into "general principles, index management, introduction conditions, handling procedures, decision-making procedures, supervision and management, and supplementary provisions", which clearly stipulate the whole process of introducing graduates. It mainly embodies three characteristics: first, clear positioning and clear responsibilities. The second is to highlight key points and introduce them accurately. The third is to follow up the effectiveness and strengthen supervision.

　　(A) a clear positioning, clarify responsibilities

　　The first is to define the work orientation, that is, to create an institutional environment for discovering, introducing, cultivating and retaining outstanding graduates, give full play to the role of college graduates as valuable talent resources, and promote the high-quality development of the capital. Second, it is proposed that the work of introducing graduates should be based on the principles of overall planning, improving quality and ensuring key points, and accurate introduction and hierarchical management should be implemented. The third is to establish a three-level management system composed of the Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, the competent unit and the employer, and further standardize the responsibilities and reporting channels.

　　(2) Highlight key points and introduce them accurately.

　　First, employers in key development areas in the city recruit the top 200 domestic university graduates with bachelor degree or above and "double-class" master students in construction disciplines, and handle the introduction separately according to the plan. The second is to fully consider the characteristics and job requirements of industries such as culture, sports, suburban education and health, and bring undergraduates from relevant professional colleges into the scope of introduction. The third is to enhance mutual understanding between employers and graduates, and promote employers to select and train outstanding graduates. After consultation with graduates, they will choose to work for half a year or three years to settle down and give sufficient running-in time.

　　(3) Follow-up on effectiveness and strengthen supervision.

　　First, employers are required to improve the selection and employment system, fulfill various responsibilities and obligations according to law, establish effective communication channels, let graduates know about the development and operation of the unit, the number of years of settlement, and maintain the stability of the imported graduates. Second, the competent authorities have implemented a three-year follow-up inquiry on the training and use of imported graduates. If there are major problems in the training and use of graduates, they will be dealt with accordingly. The third is to improve the supervision and inspection mechanism and further compact the responsibilities of graduates, employers and competent units.

　　3. How can a graduate who is employed for the first time within two years after graduation be considered?

　　Unemployed graduates whose household registration is kept in the school or their place of origin, and whose files are kept in the human resources public service institutions of the school or the household registration place, or graduates who have achieved their first employment in the unit to be introduced after graduation and have worked for more than one year.

　　Four, "double first-class" construction of colleges and universities, "double first-class" construction disciplines?

　　The Notice on Publishing the List of World-class Universities and First-class Discipline Construction Universities and Discipline Construction published by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission shall prevail.

Residential community is the main space of residents’ life, and residential property management is related to the quality of life of the people, the safe operation of the city and social harmony and stability. Not long ago, 10 departments, including the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, issued a notice requesting to accelerate the development of the property service industry, promote the upgrading of property services to high quality and diversification, and meet the people’s growing needs for a better living. The reporter interviewed relevant industry associations and enterprises on the issues of public concern in the process of property development.

Clarify the boundary of property management

Property management is closest to residents, which can not only serve the masses well, but also become an important force in grassroots social governance. However, the overall pattern of bringing property management into social governance is still in the initial exploration stage and faces many problems. This also brings confusion to community owners, for example, how can illegal building of properties always be managed badly? Electric bicycles are illegally charged everywhere, which has great security risks. Who should care? The quality of the house is not satisfactory. The property service companies say that it is left over by the developers, and they should not be in charge. What should the owners do?

It is reported that for a long time, the relevant government departments have regarded property service enterprises as the starting point of implementation, and enterprises have undertaken many government management responsibilities or public service obligations. In addition, based on their own expectations of property services, some owners are not accurate enough in understanding the boundary scope of property management, and require property service enterprises to provide services beyond the scope of their duties and contractual agreements.

A few days ago, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other 10 departments issued the Notice on Strengthening and Improving the Management of Residential Property (hereinafter referred to as the Notice), which further clarified which matters were the responsibility of relevant government departments, which were the responsibility of streets and which were the responsibility of property service enterprises.

The "Notice" clearly promotes the sinking of urban management services. Promote the extension of urban management services to residential communities, rely on the urban comprehensive management service platform, and establish a mechanism for accepting and handling problems reflected by the masses. Clear the list of responsibilities of departments and units, compact the work responsibilities, and promptly investigate and deal with illegal behaviors such as illegal construction, destroying green, arbitrarily dumping garbage, raising animals in violation of regulations, illegally parking and charging electric bicycles, occupying and blocking public and fire exits in the property service area. Clear water supply, drainage, power supply, gas supply, heating, communication, cable television and other professional operating units to serve the end users according to law, and implement the responsibility of professional operating units for the maintenance, conservation and renewal of related facilities and equipment in the property service area.

Thus, the management and service of residential community is not only the responsibility of property service enterprises. Whether it is illegal acts such as illegal construction, or problems in operation and maintenance such as water, electricity and heat, the main body of its management lies in the competent departments of the city government or professional operating units. With this "Notice", it has become more clear who the residents should go to for the problems to be solved.

At the same time, residents have high expectations for the quality of property services. How can property management be improved? The Notice proposes a number of measures in this regard. Fully implement the main responsibility of service quality of property service enterprises. Property service enterprises should improve the service quality guarantee system, establish a rapid handling mechanism for service complaints, strengthen the management of personnel and vehicles, regularly inspect and maintain shared parts and facilities, take reasonable measures to protect the personal and property safety of owners, do a good job in greening and maintenance, assist in standardizing garbage delivery and timely cleaning and removal, improve the living environment, improve the living quality, create excellent property service projects and enhance the quality of personnel in the property service industry. In addition, we should also improve the formation mechanism of property service prices, which are mainly formed through market competition.

Promote the improvement of property management

Small community, big society, managing a residential community well requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and owners. In the face of current problems, the Notice responds to social concerns, studies and solves industry pain points, and promotes all parties to explore.

What should I do if the owners’ committee representing the rights and interests of the majority of owners is delayed? The "Notice" clarifies that if the conditions for the establishment of the owners’ meeting are not available for the time being, it is necessary to explore the establishment of a property management Committee attended by community residents’ committees and owners’ representatives to temporarily replace the owners’ Committee.

According to the relevant person in charge of china property management institute, if it is really difficult to set up an industry committee, we can learn from the experience of Beijing and Guangzhou, and first set up a property management committee, which will exercise relevant rights on behalf of the residents. The property management committee can temporarily make up for the problem that there is no industry committee in the community and it is difficult for residents to claim their wishes.

The reporter learned that in many cities, the establishment of industry committees or property management committees has become an important starting point for strengthening property management. The "Three-year Action Plan (2020-2022) on Strengthening Beijing’s Property Management and Improving the Property Service Level" promulgated by Beijing in 2020 clearly stipulates that more than 2,000 new owners’ committees (property management committees) will be established before the end of 2020; The formation rate of owners’ committees (property management committees) will reach over 30%, over 70% in 2021 and over 90% in 2022.

How to supervise the services of property service enterprises? The Notice clarifies that the property management industry will establish a credit evaluation system for property service enterprises. According to the credit status of enterprises, the urban housing and urban-rural construction departments will grant credit star marks, implement credit classification and supervision, and strengthen the application of credit information in the bidding of early property management, the selection of property service enterprises by the owners’ meeting, and government procurement. At the same time, a red and black list system for property service enterprises will be established to promote the formation of a market environment for survival of the fittest. Property service enterprises and persons directly responsible for serious violations of laws and regulations and vile circumstances shall be cleared out of the market according to law.

The relevant person in charge of china property management institute said that strengthening residential property management not only requires the efforts of the government and enterprises, but also mobilizes the enthusiasm of residents, social organizations, social work service agencies, community volunteers, resident units and other parties, so as to achieve common decision-making, joint development, joint management of construction, joint evaluation of effects and sharing of achievements. In this way, property management can play a greater role in building a new pattern of grassroots social governance.

Expand the market, new blue ocean

After 40 years of development, China’s property management industry has gradually become mature and perfect. At present, the number of property service enterprises in China is 234,000, with more than 7.4 million employees. In recent years, property service enterprises have ushered in a wave of listing. At present, there are more than 40 listed property service enterprises, indicating that capital is very optimistic about the development prospects of the property management industry. The latest data shows that the operating income of China’s property management industry will reach 1,180.03 billion yuan in 2020.

The mode of "property service+life service" can enable residents to enjoy better property services and bring greater development opportunities to the property management industry. The "Notice" clarifies that it will promote the development of the life service industry. Encourage qualified property service enterprises to extend to the fields of pension, child care, housekeeping, culture, health, house brokerage, express delivery and other fields, and explore the "property service+life service" model to meet the diversified multi-level living and living needs of residents.

The person in charge of Longhu Smart Service told the reporter that "property service+life service" has always been the direction actively explored by Longhu Smart Service. Up to now, nine kinds of value-added service products, such as "rental and sale of gannets", "rejuvenation masters", "longan optimization" and "Yugong moving", basically cover the owner’s whole life service chain.

Wan Jie, vice president of ocean service and general manager of value-added business department, told reporters that ocean service is willing to do more exploration in "property service+life service", which is an important development opportunity for property service enterprises. At present, Ocean Shipping Service has a layout in space management, real estate brokerage, Mercure and community retail, and continues to explore new products and new tracks in hot industries, such as education, tourism and pension industry. However, in practice, there are also some problems. For example, in the process of developing old-age care services, it may be necessary to occupy community venues. Owners often have different opinions on whether to establish old-age care institutions according to whether there are elderly people in different families.

Wan Jie appealed that property service enterprises are facing some "blocking points" in promoting "property service+life service", and hoped that relevant departments would issue detailed implementation rules, straighten out the management authority of property service enterprises, and help enterprises better provide life services such as old-age care.

In terms of improving "property service+life service", the Notice also proposes to guide property service enterprises to provide customized products and personalized services through the smart property management service platform to realize one-click appointment and door-to-door service.

In this regard, the relevant person in charge of china property management institute believes that the smart platform of property service enterprises should be open and shared, not only serving a community, but also radiating to the surrounding communities. Through channels such as mobile APP, the owners of surrounding communities can also enjoy the services of excellent property service enterprises nearby, increase the supply of quality property services and facilitate the lives of surrounding residents.

The person in charge of Longhu Smart Service said that it is also a trend for property service enterprises to go out of the community and serve a wider urban space. Based on the advantages of brand property service enterprises in management and service fineness, as well as the deepening of their own technology penetration, with the improvement of management radius, urban service will bring huge development space for professional property service enterprises. (Reporter Kang Shu)

　　People in The Wandering Earth live in underground "underground cities". In the future, "underground cities" will not only exist in science fiction films. Scientists are currently conducting deep space research to explore how to build "underground cities". Recently, the reporter interviewed Xie Heping, an academician of China Academy of Engineering and dean of Shenzhen University’s Institute of Deep Earth Science and Green Energy, and asked him to describe the future survival of underground space from a scientific perspective.

　　"Underground City" is a world-class frontier scientific research.

　　"The development and utilization of deep space is not just science fiction, but a scientific research project that is being studied all over the world, and it is a frontier scientific research topic in the world." Xie Heping said that the comprehensive utilization of underground space has attracted great attention internationally, and many international organizations have been studying the utilization of underground space. These international organizations include the International Association for Tunnels and Underground Space (ITA) established in 1974, the International Joint Research Center for Underground Space (ACUUS) established in 1996, and the International Trenchless Technology Association (ISTT) established in 1986. The Tokyo Declaration, adopted by the International Conference on Urban Underground Space in 1991, also emphasized that "the 21st century will be the century of human exploitation and utilization of underground space", and predicted that one third of people will live in underground space in the future.

　　According to Xie Heping, there are many cases of scientific development and utilization of underground space in the world. For example, an underground park has been built in Finland, which will turn the space 120 meters underground into an oxygen bar with salty and humid air. The constant temperature is 11℃~12℃ all year round, and there are almost no allergens and bacteria, which can recuperate patients suffering from respiratory tract, tuberculosis and other diseases. The mine playground in North Wales, England, which was built in 2014, is 150 meters underground and has the world’s largest underground trampoline in a thermal insulation and moisturizing environment.

　　Many countries are also trying to develop underground space. For example, Singapore plans to build an underground science and technology city, which is equivalent to 30 floors underground in the Western Science Park, to be used by biomedical industry and life sciences, and to accommodate new population in the future.

　　"The total area of a city is not only the ground area, but the total utilization space of a city should be multiplied by 40% of the development depth. These underground spaces have unique advantages such as constant temperature and humidity, sound insulation and isolation, natural resistance to natural disasters, low background radiation and clean environment. " Xie Heping said that using the advantages of these underground spaces can carry out underground medical research and treatment, such as Hodgkin Cave in Uzbekistan, which can improve the cellular immunity of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Related scientific research activities can also be carried out. For example, the Large Hadron Collider in Europe is 92 meters underground. "If more exploration and utilization are carried out, it is possible to make deep space a better way of human migration than space settlement and coping with future earth disasters in the future." Xie Heping said.

　　How to build a future "underground city"

　　How to build an underground city in the future? Xie Heping introduced his academic article published in Journal of Coal Industry recently, and put forward his strategic conception and scientific research demonstration on the construction of version 5.0 of "Underground City". According to this idea, 0~50 meters underground is underground rail transit, pipe network system and refuge facilities, 50~100 meters underground is underground livable city, 100~500 meters underground is underground agriculture, underground medicine and underground ecological circle and strategic resource reserve, and 500~2000 meters underground is underground energy circulation belt, underground pumped storage, compressed air power station, underground thermal energy and other storage and utilization, and more than 2000 meters underground is underground.

　　"Regarding the development and utilization of deep space, I put forward the concept of five eras, including the 1.0 era of passive underground space utilization, the 2.0 era of scientific development of underground space and underground ecological city, the 3.0 era of deep ecological circle construction, the 4.0 era of deep scientific laboratory and deep space capsule, and the 5.0 era of liquid mining of deep solid resources." Xie Heping said.

　　The 1.0 era of deep development is to build air-raid shelters, warehouses, subways, underground shopping malls, underground parking lots, etc. In the 2.0 era, there will be a complete and livable eco-city, with sunshine, self-circulating water pumps and intelligent air regeneration systems. In the 3.0 era, there will be ecological and environmental underground space utilization, and the environment of underground ecological circle will be constructed, including artificial sunshine, ecological vegetation, deep farming and animal husbandry, water and ecological self-circulation system, etc. In the era of 4.0, in-situ scientific experiments with different depths should be carried out, and theoretical systems of deep physics, biology, medicine and rock mechanics should be constructed to lay a theoretical foundation for human beings to March into the deep part of the earth.

　　In the 5.0 era, it is necessary to invent shield mining, separation, charging, gasification and power generation integrated technology and equipment to directly transform solid resources into liquid, gas and electric energy. By that time, underground roadway mining will be patrolled, inspected and operated by drones and robots. Using the energy generated by coal powder explosion and gas explosion, in-situ power generation will be carried out at a depth of 3,000m underground, and the electricity, hydrogen and liquefied carbon will be transported to the ground instead of solid resources, and a self-circulation development and utilization system with deep in-situ ecological green and low carbon will be built. "At present, the doctoral team led by me is doing pre-research in this area." Xie Heping said.

　　Step into the era of "Dungeon" 2.0

　　According to Xie Heping, the earth’s solid mineral resources can be buried more than 40 kilometers, and 70% of China’s proven iron ore, copper ore and bauxite resources are below 2 kilometers. Take geothermal resources as an example, there is 125.4 billion thermal energy in the outermost 10 kilometers of the earth’s crust, which is equivalent to 2000 times of the total thermal energy of coal produced in the world.

　　At present, China has listed deep-seated development as a major national science and technology project, and it is necessary to comprehensively improve the level and ability of deep-seated engineering science and technology, and strive to reach 15,000 meters by 2035; Oil and gas exploitation should reach 10000 meters; Geothermal development to 6000 meters, solid resources mining to 3000 meters, underground space engineering to 1000 meters.

　　"At present, the utilization rate of underground space in the world is about 30%, while in our country it is only 17%." Xie Heping said that with the development of China’s deep development strategy, how to rationally develop and utilize these underground spaces is "a major national strategic scientific research project that needs pre-research first".

　　"Taking coal mines as an example, the existing underground space of coal mines in China is about 13.9 billion cubic meters, and it is expected to reach 24.1 billion cubic meters by 2030, with a length of about 1.6 million kilometers, which can circle the equator 40 times. How to use such a huge underground roadway space? " Xie Heping said that the transformation and utilization of waste gas mines in foreign countries have many uses and forms. For example, using geothermal energy to develop underground agriculture, scholars at Nottingham University are considering using geothermal energy naturally existing in mines to transform 150,000 abandoned coal mines into underground farms.

　　"We must know that the underground itself is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the construction cost of underground greenhouse is only 1/4 of that of ground greenhouse agriculture." Xie Heping said that in 2017, an underground farm was built in London, England, using an air-raid shelter 33 meters underground. With LED lights as the light source, hydroponics technology can save 70% of water, no pesticides are needed at all, and plant growth is not affected by seasons and weather. It can be harvested in 6 to 28 days, and the underground agricultural product brand has been successfully launched.

　　"There are also ways to build a small intelligent underground parking garage, underground pumped storage power generation, compressed air storage power generation station, etc., which can be tried in the utilization of underground space." Xie Heping said that underground sewage treatment plants can also be built. For example, Hong Kong plans to put all surface sewage treatment underground; You can also build underground hotels, carry out landscape tours and underground in-situ laboratories. For example, the dark matter laboratory in South Korea is 700 meters below the mine.

　　In the aspect of deep space utilization, China has also begun some explorations. At present, the first phase reconstruction project of the five major coal mines in the west of Beijing has been started. Xie Heping said that according to the plan, the ground is green mountains and green waters scenic area, college education and training area, tourist resort area, sports and leisure area and high-tech park, and the underground will be developed into underground coal mine safety production training practice area, underground ecological landscape experience area, underground agricultural planting area and deep scientific exploration area. "We hope to turn it into a national demonstration area for the development and utilization of coal mines, a headquarters for scientific research and development and an experimental base for underground space research and development." Xie Heping said. In his view, regarding the construction of "underground cities", "it has just entered the 2.0 era, and it may take decades or even hundreds of years to reach the 5.0 era, but we can imagine the future trends and bright prospects."

　　(Reporter Zhan Yuan)

　　CCTV News:According to the website of the National Development and Reform Commission, on October 1st, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Notice on Carrying out Key Price Inspections in Urban Water Supply, Gas Supply, Heating and Telecommunications. On December 19th, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Supervision of Heating Price in Winter to Effectively Protect the People from Winter, and deployed price authorities at all levels to carry out key price inspections in the field of gas supply and heating in China. The inspection found that some gas supply and heating enterprises do not implement government pricing or government-guided prices, and collect fees in engineering renovation and installation. Local price departments have dealt with the problems found out according to law. The penalties for some illegal enterprises are as follows:

　　1. shangzhi city Zhongxin Thermal Power Company of Heilongjiang Province repeatedly charged the heating network project fee.According to the investigation, in September 2017, shangzhi city Zhongxin Thermal Power Company of Heilongjiang Province charged the 25 yuan/m2 heating network project fee for 102 households who had paid the network access fee to Kang ‘an Heating Property Company in the process of grid-connected transformation of shangzhi city central heating network, with a total charge of 361,200 yuan. The competent price department of shangzhi city, Heilongjiang Province investigated and dealt with the illegal price of the company, ordered the company to refund all the overcharged price of 361,200 yuan to the users, and imposed a fine of 541,900 yuan.

　　2. Zhejiang Haiyan Natural Gas Co., Ltd. raised the price of natural gas without authorization.From November 28th, 2016 to July 25th, 2017, Haiyan Natural Gas Co., Ltd. arbitrarily raised the sales price of natural gas for non-residents, which should be 2.79 yuan/m3, and actually implemented 3 yuan/m3, with a total sales of 1,972,400 m3. The price department of Haiyan County ordered the company to immediately correct the price violations and refund the overcharged price totaling 401,900 yuan.

　　Third, the local natural gas supply station of Xuanhan Hexin Natural Gas Co., Ltd. in Xuanhan County, Sichuan Province increased the price of natural gas in disguise.During the period from January 2016 to October 2017, the Tuzhu Natural Gas Supply Station of Xuanhan Hexin Natural Gas Co., Ltd. charged users the price of natural gas. For those users who were not included in the domestic garbage disposal fee for urban residents, they overcharged 0.2 yuan residents’ domestic garbage disposal fee per cubic meter, which increased the price of natural gas in disguise, and sold a total of 1,581,300 cubic meters of civil natural gas, with an overcharge amount of 316,200 yuan. The price department of Xuanhan County investigated and ordered the company to refund the overcharged price of 316,200 yuan to users.

　　4. Hengyuan Gas Station in Caoxian County, Shandong Province arbitrarily raised the price of CNG natural gas.From November 27, 2017 to November 30, 2017, Caoxian Hengyuan Gas Station sold a total of 1,098.33 cubic meters of CNG natural gas for vehicles, which should be 4.89 yuan/cubic meter, and actually implemented 5.5 yuan/cubic meter, with an extra charge of 0.61 yuan per cubic meter, with a total overcharge of 669.98 yuan. The competent price department of Cao County ordered the filling station to immediately correct the above-mentioned illegal acts and confiscate the illegal income.

　　In addition, in order to maintain the price competition order in the natural gas market and protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, according to the report, the Price Supervision, Inspection and Anti-monopoly Bureau of the National Development and Reform Commission began to investigate the suspected violation of the anti-monopoly law by 17 enterprises including Daqing Branch of China Petroleum and Natural Gas Co., Ltd.

　　After entering the winter, the consumption of natural gas has increased rapidly, and the transformation of heating projects is also in progress, and some behaviors that infringe on the interests of the people have occurred from time to time. The National Development and Reform Commission requires local price authorities to continue to take effective measures, highlight key inspection points, and urge relevant enterprises and units to strictly implement the relevant national price policies. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen price supervision and anti-monopoly law enforcement in the field of gas supply and heating, find and investigate cases that infringe on the interests of the masses, and publicly expose serious cases of price violations through the news media.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Nairobi, December 15th (Reporter Li Hualing, Liu Wanqing) The commuter meter-gauge railway project from Liruta District, Nairobi, Kenya, to Ngong Town, Kajiaduo County, which was undertaken by Chinese enterprises, was officially launched on the 15th.

　　On December 15th, in Kajiaduo County, Kenya, Kenyan President Ruto delivered a speech at the groundbreaking ceremony. Xinhua News Agency reporter Han Xu photo

　　Kenyan President Ruto said at the groundbreaking ceremony that the project is a major livelihood project in Kenya. After completion, it will greatly alleviate the traffic congestion problem in southwest Nairobi, provide great convenience for the daily commuting of residents along the route, and help to comprehensively reduce people’s living costs.

　　On December 15th, in Kajiaduo County, Kenya, Kenyan President Ruto (front right) unveiled the monument for the project at the groundbreaking ceremony. Xinhua News Agency reporter Han Xu photo

　　It is understood that this project is the first urban commuter railway project undertaken by China Road and Bridge Engineering Co., Ltd. in Kenya. There are four stations in the project line. The main line of the line is about 12.15 km long, and the station line is about 2.42 km long. The contract period of the project is 24 months.

　　This is the scene of the groundbreaking ceremony filmed in Kajiaduo County, Kenya on December 15th. Xinhua News Agency reporter Han Xu photo

　　Jiao Xuxue, deputy general manager of China Luqiao Kenya Office, said that this project will strengthen the connection between downtown Nairobi and surrounding areas, promote Nairobi to realize the strategic plan of commuter railway network in 2030, and provide more travel options for local residents. At the same time, the project will help Kenya make full use of existing railway resources and promote Kenya to become a regional transportation hub.

　　This is the scene of the groundbreaking ceremony filmed in Kajiaduo County, Kenya on December 15th. Xinhua News Agency reporter Han Xu photo

　　Kenyan Minister of Transport Kipchunba Murkomen said that the project will be part of the 165-kilometer Nairobi commuter railway. The construction of transportation infrastructure can promote the flow of people and create employment opportunities, thus contributing to Kenya’s economic transformation.

　　"Uncle, Happy New Year to you!" On the fourth day of Lunar New Year’s Day, in Xiaowangzhuang Village, Jiuyuan Town, Fugou County, Zhoukou City, Henan Province, Yang Xiao, who returned home from other places for the New Year, pushed open the door and said loudly.

　　"I haven’t seen you for a year, and I’m handsome again!" Wang Zhiping accepted the annual gift. "I know that you will get home at 11: 30, and the last hot dish has just been served, so you can open the table."

　　Yang Xiao was puzzled. How could he know the arrival time hundreds of kilometers away? It turned out that the 10-year-old son used his mobile phone to open the positioning function on the road and shared his position and route with his uncle.

　　"Now every village has access to the Internet, and everyone has used smart phones. Mobile payment and webcasting can be seen everywhere in rural areas." Wang Zhiping said and took out his mobile phone. "Look, the 5G network is very smooth."

　　Nowadays, scientific and technological innovation has made the Spring Festival a diversified fashion. With the arrival of the Spring Festival, Shi Yanyan’s family WeChat group, a resident of Tongqiu Street in Fugou County, has also become lively. Everyone has sent New Year greetings to each other in the group and shared their joy.

　　"Many relatives and friends have made short videos of New Year’s greetings, which have different styles and are very human." In the view of Shi Yanyan’s family, it is more convenient to convey love and blessings through the Internet, and the taste of the year remains unchanged.

　　On the first day of the first month, before dawn, Shi Yanyan got up to prepare meals for her family. After breakfast, the family will pay New Year greetings to distant relatives and friends through WeChat videos or phone calls.

　　"Now, the ways for people to send blessings in New Year are more diversified. Some people choose to send friends, some choose to send WeChat, and others choose video to pay New Year greetings. Using’ Cloud New Year greetings’ saves time and effort and conforms to the trend of the times." She is keen on the Internet to celebrate the New Year.

　　In addition to short videos to celebrate the New Year, online shopping for new year’s goods has also become a new year custom for young people. "Relatives who spend the New Year outside, as long as the mobile phone places an order with one click, can eat hometown specialties without going back to their hometown, warming their stomachs and warming their hearts." Shi Yanyan said that the changes in the way of purchasing new year goods also reflect the changes and progress of the times.

　　With the development of modern science and technology, New Year customs such as "cloud reunion", "cloud gathering", "cloud entertainment" and "cloud shopping" have sprung up, showing a different flavor of the New Year.

　　"Flexible use of science and technology means, free up creative talents, create a high-quality holiday atmosphere, and technological innovation makes the annual taste stronger." The relevant person in charge of the Fugou County Government said. (Reporter Wang Shengxi)

　　
editorial comment/note
Since its launch in March this year, the General Logistics Department has approved the launching of the Chinese medicine technical contest of the whole army, which has received positive response from the majority of medical personnel, set off an upsurge of Chinese medicine technical training on the medical front, and initially achieved the purposes of promoting the cause of Chinese medicine, popularizing Chinese medicine knowledge, training Chinese medicine teams and selecting Chinese medicine talents. In order to further enhance the knowledge and understanding of leaders and organs at all levels on the work of Chinese medicine, increase the support for the work of Chinese medicine, promote the inheritance and innovation of Chinese medicine, and improve the ability of Chinese medicine to prevent and treat diseases and the level of service guarantee in the army, the questions and answers of this knowledge contest of Chinese medicine technology are summarized as follows for officers and men to learn and refer to.

1. What is the time when the sun is in the middle and the yin is in the middle?
Answer: afternoon
2. What does the function of the lung governing the water diversion channel mainly depend on?
Answer: the lung governs the promotion and depression.
3. What causes hand and foot peristalsis?
Answer: Virtual wind moves internally.
4. What color can be seen in the face of patients with cold syndrome?
Answer: black, cyan
5. What is the cause of the patient’s hunger?
Answer: insufficient stomach yin
6. In the syndrome differentiation of epidemic febrile diseases, what kind of syndrome does macula loom?
Answer: Differentiation of syndromes.
7. What drugs should be used for hypochondriac pain, irritability, convulsion and fright?
Answer: Drugs for liver meridian.
8. What are the drugs contained in Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction and Danggui Sini Decoction?
Answer: cassia twig, peony, jujube
9. The patient’s face is swollen with floating limbs, abdomen is full, coughing and wheezing, expectoration is thin, palpitation, fear of cold, anorexia, scanty urine, loose stool, fat tongue with white and smooth fur, and deep and thin pulse. What is the cure?
Answer: Warming the kidney and strengthening the spleen, transforming drinking and benefiting water.
10. The patient suffers from palpitation, chest tightness, heartburn, pain like acupuncture, cyanosis of lip nail, dark purple tongue, or ecchymosis and petechia. What should the treatment representative choose first?
Answer: Peach kernel and safflower decoction.
11. What is the best prescription for the treatment of accumulated stagnation of liver qi?
Answer: Xiaoyao Powder and Muxiang Shunqi Powder are modified.
12. What is the appropriate ointment for external treatment of perianal abscess?
Answer: Golden Cream
13. What is the treatment principle of irregular menstruation?
Answer: regulating chong and ren qi and blood
14. What is the representative prescription for treating dysmenorrhea with damp-heat and blood stasis syndrome?
Answer: Qingre Tiaoxue Decoction
15. What is the basis and internal cause of postpartum diseases?
Answer: more deficiency and more blood stasis
16. What is the main pathological mechanism of infantile pneumonia with asthma, cough, heart-yang deficiency and failure syndrome?
Answer: Qi stagnation and blood stasis, weak heart and yang.
17. What is the preferred prescription for treating measles with heat toxin attacking the throat?
Answer: Qing Yan Xia Tan Tang
18. What is the preferred prescription for treating wind-heat collateral injury purpura?
Answer: forsythia detoxification powder
19. What is the distribution of the foot Sanyinjing from the beginning to the 8-inch segment on the medial malleolus?
Answer: Jueyin is in front, Taiyin is in the middle, and Shaoyin is behind.
20. In the acute phase of facial paralysis, what methods should be used to stimulate facial acupoints?
Answer: mild irritation
21. What are the main points for treating tinnitus and deafness?
Answer: Feng, Tinghui, Xiaxi and Zhongzhu.
22. What is the pathogenesis of "but sweating on the head" in Zhizi black bean soup?
Answer: stagnation of heat and steaming.
23. What is the reason for Guizhi to go to Shaoyao Decoction and Paeonia lactiflora?
Answer: Paeonia lactiflora is feminine, which hinders the communication of yang.
24. "Typhoid fever, stagnant heat in the stomach, the body will be yellow," what kind of prescription is suitable?
Answer: ephedra, forsythia and red bean soup
25. The patient’s heart is uncomfortable, and it is soft and painless, and then he sees aversion to cold and sweating. Where should I use it?
Answer: Fuzi Xiexin Decoction
26. The patient has fullness in the heart, polydipsia, dysuria, white fur, and floating pulse. What is the clinical syndrome differentiation?
Answer: Wuling powder syndrome
27. What is the treatment solution of Taiyin disease?
Answer: Warming the middle and dispelling cold, invigorating the spleen and drying dampness.
28. The essence theory was first seen in which book?
Answer: Zhouyi and Guanzi.
29. What are the viscera closely related to the generation of qi?
Answer: spleen, stomach, lung and kidney.
30. What is the qi that promotes the growth and development of human body and the functional activities of zang-fu organs?
Answer: vitality
31. What is the function of body fluid operation depending on qi?
Answer: Promoting effect.
32. What is the trend law of the three yin meridians of the hand?
Answer: Go from the chest.
33. What is the external evil that most easily causes pain?
Answer: cold evil
34. Among the five main diseases, what is the main disease of cyan?
Answer: cold syndrome
35. What is "Tiangui"?
Answer: "Tiangui" means that with the growth and development of human body, the essence in the kidney is gradually filled to a certain extent, producing a subtle substance that promotes the development and maturity of human reproductive organs and maintains reproductive function.
36. What are the compatibility characteristics of Guizhi Decoction?
Answer: 1. Guishao is equal, pungent and sour, scattered and collected, supplemented by sweat, and reconciled with camp and health; 2. Xin Gan Hua Yang, sour Gan Hua Yin, combining rigidity with softness, and harmonizing yin and yang; 3. Give consideration to both evil and healthy, and publish that dispersing evil does not hurt the camp yin, and the convergence of yin and the camp does not leave evil.
37. Please fill in the blanks with the names of traditional Chinese medicines.
Answer:
1. Traditional Chinese medicine and the four seasons: spring (Amomum villosum), summer (Prunella vulgaris), autumn (Malus begoniana) and winter (Malus sunflower);
2. Traditional Chinese Medicine and Orientation: East (Radix Paeoniae Alba), West (Carthamus tinctorius), South (Radix Adenophorae) and North (Five Flavors);
3. Chinese medicine and five elements: gold (Dendrobium), wood (butterfly), water (leech), fire (hemp seed) and soil (turtle worm);
4. Chinese medicine and multicolored: green (Dai), yellow (Qi), red (Shao), white (surgery) and black (lead)
38. What six words can be summarized as the main pathogenesis of stroke?
Answer: deficiency (yin deficiency, qi deficiency), fire (liver fire, wind fire), phlegm (wind phlegm, wet phlegm), wind (liver wind), qi (qi adverse) and blood (blood stasis).
39. What is the earliest existing first surgical monograph in China?
Answer: Liu Juanzi’s Ghost Legacy.
40. Who is the physician who initiated Yuzhen Powder to treat tetanus, putting forward the theory of "eliminating is the most important thing, trusting is the most fearful thing"?
Answer: Wang Ji
41. "Today’s husband’s fever, typhoid fever and the like" comes from which book?
Answer: Neijing
42. What does "the great master of the internal organs" mean?
Answer: Heart.
43. What is called "the foundation of stopping extremes"?
Answer: liver
44. What is most closely related to the physiological function of the daughter cell?
Answer: heart, liver, spleen, kidney, pulse and ren pulse.
45. What is the prescription composed of Rhizoma Coptidis, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Fructus Trichosanthis?
Answer: Xiaoxiong Chest Soup
46. What is the pathogenesis of yin deficiency and yang?
Answer: Yin deficiency, involving Yang qi metaplasia, Yang is also deficient.
47. What are the three postpartum emergencies?
Answer: The three postpartum emergencies refer to: vomiting, night sweats and diarrhea. See the cloud in Zhang’s Medical Tong: "Postpartum diseases, vomiting, night sweats and diarrhea are urgent."
48. What are the characteristics of turbid phlegm that blinds the mind and changes the mind?
Answer: stupor and dementia
49. What are the drugs contained in Huang Longtang and Sini Powder?
Answer: Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and Radix Glycyrrhizae.
50. What is the first medical book to record the name of night sweats?
Answer: synopsis of the golden chamber
51. What is the main cause and pathogenesis of erysipelas?
Answer: Fire evil invades, the blood is hot and depressed in the skin.
52. What is the main cause of menstrual disease?
Answer: six exogenous evils, seven internal injuries, excessive labor and fertility, improper diet and excessive fatigue.
53. Why use mung bean soup to relieve summer heat in summer?
Answer: Mung beans are sweet and cold, and have the effects of relieving summer heat, removing annoying heat and detoxifying.
54. "Where evil is, it is affected by heaven, and it is contagious." Which classic of Chinese medicine comes out?
Answer: On Epidemic Febrile Diseases
55. Chen Shigong, a famous surgeon in Ming Dynasty, proposed that there should be five precepts in medical ethics. Which five precepts are they?
Answer:
1. Be strict with yourself, make medicines for patients, and do not substitute inferior ones for good ones;
2. Go to the patient’s home to make house calls, and don’t boast of the goodness of things, suggesting asking for them;
3. Cure a patient without asking for a reward;
4. To see a doctor for a woman, a waiter must be present;
5. If there is any inconvenience, make a serious and sincere diagnosis and keep the patient’s family confidential.
56. What are the basic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine?
Answer: holistic concept and syndrome differentiation and treatment
57. What is the theoretical basis for expounding the mutual loss of Yin and Yang?
Answer: the balance of yin and yang
58. What are the characteristics of pathogenic dryness?
Answer: Dry, easy to hurt body fluids.
59. What are the manifestations of hypochondriac pain caused by emotional stagnation?
Answer: Swelling and running around.
60. What is the main disease of pale white tongue?
Answer: yang deficiency syndrome
61. Kidney and bladder lesions can be reflected in what part of the tongue?
Answer: Tongue root
62. What are the ups and downs?
Answer: Xin, Gan and Wen.
63. What is the first choice for the treatment of exogenous wind-cold combined with qi stagnation, chest fullness, nausea and vomiting?
Answer: Perilla frutescens
64. What should be distinguished first in the syndrome differentiation of asthma?
Answer: sent but not sent.
65. What is the medical book that thinks that influenza is epidemic and infectious?
Answer: The Theory of Pathogens and Stages of Diseases.
66. In the five-color visit, what is the main disease of white?
Answer: seize the gas.
67. What is the first medical monograph in China that records the treatment of gall disease with seaweed?
Answer: "elbow backup emergency prescription"
68. What is the general term for all superficial surgical diseases?
Answer: sores
69. Where do the three veins of Chong, Ren and Du start together?
Answer: in the cell
70. What are the main treatment principles of menstrual disease?
Answer: the key is to cure the disease and regulate menstruation.
71. What do the five colors mean in facial consultation?
Answer: red, blue, yellow, white and black.
72. How many times should the dosage of traditional Chinese medicine for newborns be that of adults?
Answer: 1/6
73. What is the preferred prescription for the treatment of acute cough due to toxic-heat lung-closing pneumonia?
Answer: Huanglian Jiedu Decoction and San ‘ao Decoction.
74. What is the meridian that "meets people" in the following meridians?
Answer: Hand Yangming Large Intestine Meridian
75. What are the three main types of acupoints?
Answer: Fourteen Meridian Points, Strange Points and Ashi Points.
76. Where do patients with lung diseases often have tenderness?
Answer: Zhongfu
77. In the six internal organs, what is the main decision related to human mental activities?
Answer: bravery
78. What is the main link between "the beating of the heart" and "the breathing of the lungs"?
Answer: the function of clan spirit
79. Patients with long-term illness and exhaustion of vital energy suddenly feel better, their appetite is greatly increased, their cheekbones are red as makeup, and their language is endless. Why is it called?
Answer: false gods
80. The patient has aversion to cold and fever, headache, no sweat, stuffy nose and runny nose, and a tight pulse. What should be the appearance of its tongue coating?
Answer: thin white
81. What medicine should be the first choice for treating exogenous fever, pathogenic stagnation, muscular abscess, adverse menstruation and strong nape pain?
Answer: Pueraria lobata
82. What are the symptoms that gardenia, coptis chinensis, forsythia suspensa and bamboo leaves can treat?
Answer: Fever upset
83. What are the main clinical features of wind-dry lung cough?
Answer: dry cough, continuous choking, no phlegm or a small amount of sticky phlegm, which is not easy to cough up.
84. What kind of drugs should be added in Fang Yaozhong to clear away damp-heat dysentery?
Answer: qi-regulating drugs
85. What is the application of the "entrust method" in the internal treatment of traditional Chinese medicine surgery?
Answer: in the middle stage of external selection, the deficiency of positive energy and the abundance of toxic substances.
86. What are the six-word tips for labor care?
Answer: Sleep, endure pain and give birth slowly.
87. What are the characteristics of kidney-yang deficiency syndrome with excessive leukorrhagia?
Answer: the amount of the belt is large, and the quality is as thin as water; Lumbar soreness, chills and cold limbs.
88. What is the first choice for treating anorexia in children with spleen-stomach qi deficiency?
Answer: Yigongsan
89. Acupuncture at Neiguan point can treat both tachycardia and bradycardia. What role does this belong to?
Answer: The benign adjustment of bipolar disorder.
90. What are the acupoints that are both collaterals and eight-pulse intersection points?
Answer: Neiguan
91. "Su Wen, Yin and Yang should be like a big theory" said: "Yang is qi and Yin is taste", what does its "qi" mean?
Answer: the qi of medicine and food
92. This is sweating, but it is reversed; If you sweat first, you can’t cure it. What is the cure for the disease?
Answer: When exterior and interior diseases are the same, interior syndrome is not urgent or heavy, but the principle of exterior syndrome first and interior syndrome later should be followed.
93. In the original prescription of Xiaochaihu Decoction, what kind of medicine is the dosage of half a catty?
Answer: Bupleurum chinense
94. In the process of the development of epidemic febrile diseases, which period is the "formative stage of epidemic febrile diseases"?
Answer: Ming and Qing Dynasties
95. "Yang wins is yin disease, and Yin wins is yang disease" is what kind of relationship between Yin and Yang?
Answer: Contradictory restriction
96. What is the hub of human qi movement?
Answer: spleen qi dominates the ascending, while stomach qi dominates the descending.
97. What is the essence of treating the same disease differently?
Answer: Differentiating syndromes and treating differences.
98. What is the relationship between Yin and Yang?
Answer: mutual transformation
99. What is the relationship between "B and decyl homology"?
Answer: liver and kidney
100. What kind of symptoms do you see when your tongue is purplish and moist?
Answer: cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome
101. What do patients often prompt when their mouths are dull and boring?
Answer: Qi deficiency of spleen and stomach
102. What are Wu Jutong’s representative works?
Answer: Differentiation of Epidemic Febrile Diseases
103. Critically ill patients suddenly have a cold sweat on their heads and foreheads and cold limbs. What do they belong to?
Answer: Wu Yang
104. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Phellodendri, Radix Gentianae, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and other drugs, which are not suitable for compatibility with Veratrum?
Answer: Sophora flavescens
105. Rhizoma Atractylodis, Cortex Magnolia Officinalis, Fructus Amomi, Fructus Amomi Rotundus, Fructus Amomi Rotundus, and Fructus Tsaoko are the six medicines that should be taken into decoction.
Answer: Amomum villosum, cardamom.
106. What is the prescription for treating stroke-like syndrome caused by liver and kidney yin deficiency, hyperactivity of liver yang and disorder of qi and blood?
Answer: Zhengan Xifeng Decoction
107. What is the medical book that puts forward that "all the internal organs make people cough, but not the lungs alone"?
Answer: "Su Wen"
108. What is the best prescription for consumption of qi and yin in pulmonary tuberculosis?
Answer: Baozhen Decoction
109. What was the earliest medical book that used the name of dysentery?
Answer: Jisheng Fang
110. What are the key points of surgical differentiation between yin syndrome and yang syndrome?
Answer: Is there any burning?
111. What is the most commonly used prescription for breast carbuncle with excessive heat and toxin?
Answer: Toupu Powder is modified.
112. At the beginning of breast abscess, the syndrome is that liver qi is not sparse and stomach heat is stagnant. Who should be the first choice for internal governance?
Answer: Gualou burdock soup
113. What are the zang-fu organs that have the closest relationship with menstrual diarrhea?
Answer: spleen and kidney
114. What method should be used to treat the damp-heat syndrome of liver meridian with yin itching?
Answer: Clearing liver and purging fire, killing insects and relieving itching.
115. What are the key viscera for the onset of various syndromes before and after menopause?
Answer: kidney
116. What is the preferred prescription for treating cough due to qi deficiency in children?
Answer: Liujunzi Decoction
117. What is the treatment of spleen deficiency with accumulation stagnation?
Answer: Strengthening the spleen to help transport, resolving food stagnation.
118. What is the preferred prescription for the treatment of sweat syndrome of disharmony between camp and health?
Answer: Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction
119. Among the five Shu points, what is the main purpose of Xing point?
Answer: Treat body heat.
120. What is the jinhui point in Bahui point?
Answer: Yanglingquan
121. The patient has severe toothache, accompanied by halitosis, thirst, constipation, yellow tongue coating, and red pulse. What is the first choice for treatment?
Answer: Chambers.
122. What was wood, fire, earth, gold and water first called?
Answer: Wucai
123. What is it that the cloth is scattered in the skin, muscles and pores on the body surface and can penetrate into the blood vessels for nourishment?
Answer: Jin
124. What are the basic conditions for the normal operation of blood in the pulse?
Answer: 1. The vessel must be unobstructed; 2. Blood must be full; 3. You must be energetic.
125. What are the compatibility characteristics of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction?
Answer: 1. There are lines in the supplement, and the supplement is not delayed; 2. There is a rise in the supplement, and the rising yang is trapped; 3. Ganwen removes heat
126. What is the dosage ratio of Ophiopogon japonicus and Pinellia ternata in Maimendong Decoction, and what are the compatibility characteristics?
Answer: The dosage ratio of Ophiopogon japonicus to Pinellia ternata in Maimendong Decoction is 7:1. Pinellia tuber gets Ophiopogon japonicus to be healthy but not dry, while Ophiopogon japonicus gets Pinellia tuber to be nourishing but not greasy, on the contrary, they complement each other
127. What is the climate change from the winter solstice to the summer solstice?
Answer: Yin disappears while Yang grows.
128. What is the evil that attacks and hurts people and causes pain?
Answer: cold evil
129. In which part of the body do the twelve meridians gather?
Answer: Near joints and bones.
130. What is the opposite of ginseng?
Answer: Veratrum nigrum
131. What are the viscera closely related to the formation of phlegm?
Answer: lung, spleen, kidney and triple energizer.
132. What is the main content of Su Wen’s Theory of Ancient Naivety?
Answer: health care
133. Who annotated Treatise on Febrile Diseases for the first time?
Answer: Cheng Wuji.
134. What is the prescription composed of ginseng, licorice, atractylodes macrocephala, cassia twig and dried ginger?
Answer: Guizhi ginseng soup.
135. What is the effect of Glycyrrhiza Xiexin Decoction?
Answer: tonify the middle energizer and stomach to eliminate the swelling.
136. From the concept, pathogenesis and treatment principle, who is the doctor who clearly distinguishes febrile diseases from typhoid fever?
Answer: Andao Wang.
137. What are the zang-fu organs most closely related to brain filling?
Answer: kidney
138. What is the theoretical basis of spleen as the source of qi and blood biochemistry?
Answer: Spleen governs the transport and transformation of Shui Gu subtle.
139. What is the main physiological function of kidney essence?
Answer: the main growth and reproduction
140. What are the compatibility characteristics of Guipi Decoction?
Answer: Heart and spleen are treated together, spleen is the main treatment, qi and blood are supplemented and qi is the main treatment.
141. What is the significance of compatibility of Paeonia lactiflora in Zhenwu decoction?
Answer: It is beneficial to urinate to remove moisture, soothe the liver and stop abdominal pain, astringe yin and relax tendons, and stop muscles and muscles. , system, attached to the dry.
142. What are the pathogenic factors of spring temperature?
Answer: pathogenic factors of warm diseases
143. Who is the physician who put forward the theory of furuncle?
Answer: Wu Youke
144. What is the effect of Ginger Xiexin Decoction?
Answer: Dispelling water and eliminating swelling in the stomach.
145. What are the typical pulse characteristics of shaoyang typhoid fever?
Answer: the string is thin.
146. What is the treatment principle of syndrome differentiation of sun disease?
Answer: Look at the pulse syndrome, know what is wrong, and treat it with the syndrome.
147. What is the meaning of "Yin and Yang" in "differentiating diseases from diseases from yin"?
Answer: Three Yin Syndrome and Three Yang Syndrome.
148. What is the reason for the "excessive longevity" in Su Wen’s Theory of Ancient Naivety?
Answer: Kidney qi is more than enough.
149. What is the internal cause of arthralgia syndrome?
Answer: Insufficient righteousness.
150. The location of stroke is mainly in the heart and brain, which organ is closely related to it?
Answer: Liver and kidney.
151. What is the basic pathogenesis of Jue syndrome?
Answer: Qi-qi is rebellious, and it rises and falls surly.
152. What is the earliest recorded medical book of Zhigancao decoction for treating palpitation?
Answer: Treatise on Febrile Diseases
153. What is the effect of Guipi decoction?
Answer: Yiqi Buxue, Jianpi Ningxin.
154. What is the book that establishes the name of summer-heat disease?
Answer: Differentiation of Epidemic Febrile Diseases
155. What is the channel of whole body vitality and water-liquid operation?
Answer: triple energizer
156. What are the characteristics of headache caused by trauma?
Answer: it stings
157. What is the main basis for the lung being called "jiao zang"?
Answer: lung qi is connected to the sky, and it is not cold and hot.
158. What is the theoretical basis of "those who take blood without sweat"?
Answer: body fluid and blood are homologous.
159. What are the basic principles of strengthening the body resistance and eliminating evil spirits?
Answer: Righteousness does not hinder evil, and eliminating evil does not harm righteousness.
160. What is the wind temperature?
Answer: It refers to a syndrome caused by the misuse of pungent-warm antiperspirant in febrile diseases, which is different from exogenous wind-febrile diseases in later generations.
161. Why is the liver the son of the kidney?
Answer: According to the theory of five elements, the liver belongs to wood and the kidney belongs to water and aquatic wood, so the liver is the son of the kidney and the kidney is the mother of the liver.
162. What is internal heat generating wind?
Answer: it refers to the syndrome of yin deficiency and excessive heat, suffering from nourishing yin, and moving wind due to the loss of meridians. Can appear shaking, dizziness, convulsions and other symptoms.
163. Please use? , Kun, heaven, earth, wind, thunder, mountain, water and stone, and name the corresponding prescription? For example: the word "Tian", Tianma Gouteng drink.
Answer: Gankun Yiqi Ointment Kunning Powder Tiantai Wuyao Powder
Dihuang Yinzi Wind-induced Decoction Leigong Rescue Medicine Dan
Sophora Tonkinensis Tang Shuilu Erxiandan Dendrobium luminous pill
164. What are the clinical manifestations of cold yin syndrome?
Answer: hands and feet are in a hurry
165. What is the most diagnostic symptom of stomach yin deficiency syndrome?
Answer: Hungry.
166. Chronic cough and asthma, thin and white sputum, shortness of breath, fatigue, pale tongue with white fur and weak pulse, what is the syndrome?
Answer: lung qi deficiency
167. Please fill in the ten famous academic ancestors in ancient China.
Answer: the ancestor of acupuncture: (Huangdi) the advocate of pulse science: (Bian Que)
Father of surgery: (Hua Tuo) Medical sage: (Zhang Zhongjing)
Yao Wang: (Sun Simiao) Yao Sheng: (Li Shizhen)
The ancestor of pediatrics: (Qian Yi) The ancestor of forensic medicine: (Song Ci)
Advocate of preventive medicine: (Ge Hong)
Chief Editor of Medical Zong Jin Jian: (Wu Qian)
168. What is the best measure to avoid aconite poisoning?
Answer: fry it first or for a long time.
169. What is the meaning of compatibility with green tea in Chuanxiong Tea Powder?
Answer: clearing away the heat, inducing the heat to descend, and assisting the prescription of apoplexy drugs to warm up and disperse.
170. What is the main purpose of compatibility of malt in Zhengan Xifeng Decoction?
Answer: Shugan and Stomach.
171. What is the etiology and pathogenesis of Baihe Gujin Decoction?
Answer: Deficiency of lung and kidney yin and inflammation due to deficiency of fire.
172. What are the characteristics of influenza?
Answer: Easy to be popular.
173. What are the main clinical features of heart blood stasis syndrome of chest obstruction?
Answer: The chest stings and is fixed, especially at night.
174. What are the clinical features of vertigo with deficiency of kidney essence?
Answer: dizziness persists for a long time, tinnitus is like cicada, waist and knees are sore and forgetful.
175. What are the three main symptoms of summer heat in children?
Answer: High fever, coma and convulsion.
176. The "honey trap" is the thirty-first of the thirty-six schemes. It is used in war as a scheme to weaken the fighting capacity and defeat the enemy by offering beauty to paralyze his mind. Actually, it is a kind of "pleasing the enemy" first, then taking advantage of its unprepared, giving it a fatal blow when it is addicted to beauty, paralyzed in thought and weakened in combat effectiveness, so as to win. In the process of treating diseases, Chinese medicine will adopt the same strategy of attack and punishment. Please list typical examples.
Answer: When treating ascaris, Chinese medicine first uses acid to treat ascaris, and then drives it away. This method is like using the trick of "honey trap". Because Ascaris likes acid, "acid" is like a "beauty" to Ascaris, and treating Ascaris with acid is like using a "beauty trick" to make Ascaris dormant, and then using the method of expelling Ascaris to drive away the worm and make the disease recover.
177. Where does this sentence come from, "Believe in witches and don’t believe in doctors, and six cures will not be cured"?
Answer: Historical Records
178. What are the important principles of health preservation and disease prevention discussed in The Theory of Ancient Naivety?
Answer: 1. Comply with the four seasons and avoid evil spirits outside; 2. Adjust the spirit and maintain righteousness.
179. Here is a couplet written in Chinese medicine. Name the eighteen Chinese medicines?
Part I: Chinese Pulsatilla, with a spurge, crossed the sea and fought against Equisetum equisetum for lily, and returned to Korea, which is worthy of being an old general.
The second part: The red lady, with gold hairpin and silver flower, is five times better than peony, and Cistanche deserticola is like a mica fairy.
Answer: Part One: Pulsatilla, Euphorbia, Hippocampus, Equisetum, Amomum Tsaoko, Lily, Inula, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Glycyrrhizae.
The bottom line: Red Lady, Golden Hairpin, Lonicera japonica, Peony, Peony, Galla Chinensis, Cistanche deserticola, Mica, Fairy.
180. Name the following works of traditional Chinese medicine.
The earliest extant medical theoretical work-Huangdi Neijing.
The earliest existing monograph on pharmacology-Shennong Herbal Classic.
The first extant monograph on acupuncture and moxibustion-A Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion.
The earliest medical encyclopedias in existence-Qian Jin Yao Fang and Qian Jin Yi Fang.
The earliest extant classic work of Tibetan medicine-Four Medical Codes.
181. Chinese medicine health care is closely related to food culture. Please fill in the blanks with Chinese medicine knowledge.
Answer: 1. If you eat more turtles, if you eat tomatoes, you will vomit, and (woody) can be solved;
2. Take anti-wind medicine, not edible (mutton), and eat people until they die;
3. If the citrus stays for a long time, if it is dry, needle it for ten holes, take boiling soup (honey), wait for cold, and soak it for one night as new;
4. The vinegar is not sour. Take (barley) parched coke and seal it.
5. (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) Boiled fish makes bones soft;
6. (Mint) Remove fishy smell
182. The word "Nanxiangzi" written by You Dong, a Qing dynasty, depicts the characters’ environment with the name of medicine, which is quite vivid. The word says: the weak bones are afraid of the heavens, and the yellow flowers on the ground are gaunt. Mica stands by the screen, but Aconitum Saposhnikoviae is a Chinese Pulsatilla. Self-laughter parasitizes poverty, and sorrow is rare. Spring gypsum is blind and willing to get old, and it is easy to receive the bait work of Yunyam. Please find out 14 Chinese medicine names from this paragraph.
Answer: Radix Asparagi, Radix Rehmanniae, Flos Chrysanthemi, mica, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Aconiti, Pulsatilla, Herba Taxilli, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Caulis Akebiae, Gypsum Fibrosum, Radix Kansui, Herba Cistanches, and Rhizoma Dioscoreae.
183. China’s traditional culture is extensive and profound, and it blends with each other. Please take the literal or artistic conception of the following ancient poems as the mystery, and tell the corresponding answer to the name of traditional Chinese medicine.
"Advise you to drink more wine, and there is no reason to go out of Yangguan in the west"-Shengdi
"till, raising my cup, I asked the bright moon"-Light to the sky
"sinking back again, I thought suddenly of home"-Huai Rehmannia Land
"Stay in Qiu Lai on September 8th, when I bloom flowers kill.
Soaring incense attacks Chang ‘an, and the city is full of golden flowers "-living alone."
184. Please name 10 prescriptions starting with the numbers 1-10. For example, the word "five" is a five-flavored disinfectant drink.
Answer: a twist of gold; Erchen decoction; Sanren decoction; Sijunzi decoction; Wujisan; Liuwei Dihuang Pill; Seven-star sword; Bazhengsan; Jiuwei Qianghuo Decoction; shiquandabutang
185. Chinese medicine is good at accumulating experience in life, and there are records of dietary taboos in many medical historical materials, including some incurable poisons. Please fill in the following blanks according to what you have learned.
1. Mistaking (ginger) soup for abdominal pain;
2. Treating sores by mistake (fire twist);
3. Desperate for water, drinking water by mistake (in the vase);
4. Donkey meat (Schizonepeta tenuifolia) should be eaten together;
5. (Maoyan) Dripping water on the meat;
6. Eat (three-legged) turtles
186. When was the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine established? When was it changed to Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine? Which central leader attended the celebration meeting of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine?
Answer: The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine was founded in December 1955 under the care of the older generation of party and state leaders such as Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. In 2005, the 50th anniversary of the founding of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and its renaming as the Celebration Conference of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine was held in Beijing. Wu Yi, Vice Premier of members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council, attended the meeting, and she expressed her congratulations on behalf of the State Council.

Editor: Cao Jin

　　BEIJING, May 23 (Xinhua) According to the Statistical Bulletin on the Development of China’s Health Care in 2018 released by the National Health and Wellness Commission, there were 15.23 million people born in China in 2018, and the proportion of two children remained at around 50%.

　　The total number of medical and health institutions in China is nearly one million.

　　In terms of the number of medical and health institutions, the Bulletin shows that at the end of 2018, the total number of medical and health institutions nationwide reached 997,434, an increase of 10,785 over the previous year. Among them, there are 33,009 hospitals, 943,639 primary medical and health institutions and 18,034 professional public health institutions.

　　Among them, private hospitals accounted for 63.5% of the total number of hospitals in 2018, an increase of 3.1 percentage points over the previous year. The proportion of outpatients and inpatients in private hospitals increased from 14.2% and 17.6% in 2017 to 14.8% and 18.3% respectively.

　　In terms of the number of health workers, at the end of 2018, the total number of health workers nationwide reached 12.3 million, an increase of 551,000 (an increase of 4.7%) over the previous year. Among them, there are 9.529 million health technicians, 907,000 rural doctors and health workers, 477,000 other technicians, 529,000 managers and 858,000 workers and technicians. Among the health technicians, there are 3.607 million licensed (assistant) doctors and 4.099 million registered nurses.

　　In 2018, there were 2.59 licensed (assistant) doctors and 2.94 registered nurses per 1,000 population; There are 2.22 general practitioners per 10,000 population and 6.34 professional public health institutions per 10,000 population.

　　The average resident visits 6.0 times, and the per capita hospitalization expense exceeds 9,000 yuan.

　　According to the Bulletin, in 2018, the total number of outpatients nationwide increased by 130 million person-times or 1.6% over the previous year. The average number of visits by residents increased from 5.9 in 2017 to 6.0.

　　In 2018, the number of people admitted to medical and health institutions nationwide was 254.53 million, an increase of 10.17 million over the previous year, and the annual hospitalization rate was 18.2%, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year. The number of beds in medical and health institutions per thousand population increased from 5.72 in 2017 to 6.03.

　　In terms of medical expenses, in 2018, the average outpatient expenses of the hospital was 274.1 yuan, which was 6.7% higher than that of the previous year and 4.5% higher than the comparable price. The per capita hospitalization expense is 9291.9 yuan, which is 4.5% higher than that of the previous year and 2.4% higher than that of the comparable price. The average daily hospitalization expense is 1002.8 yuan.

　　In addition, in 2018, the average outpatient drug cost (112.0 yuan) accounted for 40.9%, down 1.8 percentage points from the previous year (42.7%); The per capita hospitalization expenses (2621.6 yuan) accounted for 28.2%, which was 2.9 percentage points lower than the previous year (31.1%).

　　The population born in 2018 was 15.23 million. The average life expectancy is 77 years.

　　According to the Bulletin, the average life expectancy of China residents has increased from 76.7 years in 2017 to 77 years in 2018, the maternal mortality rate has dropped from 19.6/100,000 to 18.3/100,000, and the infant mortality rate has dropped from 6.8‰ Down to 6.1‰ .

　　In terms of newborn population, there were 15.23 million people born in China in 2018, and the proportion of two children remained at about 50%. The sex ratio continues to decline steadily. Maternal and child health services have been actively promoted, the whole-course maternity service has been strengthened, and the construction of maternal and child facilities has been solidly promoted. The allocation rate of public places that should be equipped with maternal and child facilities has reached 88.3%. (End)

　　Camellia oleifera fruit picker invented by Li Lijun team of Central South Forestry University. Photo courtesy of Zhongnan Forest

　　Changsha, December 25th (Reporter Xu Zhixiong correspondent Zou Min Zhou Ying) "Our invention has been recognized as reaching the international advanced level." On 25th, Li Lijun, Dean of School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, proudly said that this newly-developed machine can match the working efficiency of 30 laborers in the past.

　　Tea oil is as famous as olive oil, and is also called "the king of oil", which has unique nutritional value. At the same time, tea oil is also a unique oil species in China, with a history of cultivation and utilization of more than 2,300 years. However, for a long time, because Camellia oleifera grows in the mountains, tea seeds need to be picked completely by hand. "It is difficult to hire people and the labor cost is high" has become a bottleneck that seriously restricts the development of the tea oil industry, and it also directly leads to the continuous rise of tea oil prices, which makes ordinary people discouraged.

　　Camellia oleifera fruit picker being tested. Photo courtesy of Zhongnan Forest

　　Therefore, as early as 2009, the scientific research team of Central South University of Forestry and Science headed by Li Lijun began to study the replacement of manual picking of tea seeds with machines. In the past ten years, they have traveled all over the main tea-oil producing areas in Hunan, fully investigated the planting and picking characteristics of tea-oil trees, and constantly tackled technical problems and improved the prototype of tea-oil tree fruit picker.

　　In view of the characteristics of Camellia oleifera forest, such as complex terrain, random tree shape and synchronous flowers and fruits, Li Lijun team listed four kinds of Camellia oleifera fruit picking methods, made nine rounds of prototypes, broke through seven key technologies, and made a lot of prototype tests, and finally the shaped Camellia oleifera fruit picker came out.

　　"This machine not only has a smart ‘ Picker ’ It can be used for various tree-shaped operations and can walk freely in complex environments such as steep slopes. " Li Lijun said that the most important thing is that it can accurately match the energy, so as to achieve only picking the fruits without damaging the flowers or affecting the yield of tea seeds.

　　Li Lijun said that at the just-concluded evaluation meeting of "Research on Key Techniques and Equipment of Camellia oleifera Fruit Picking" held by Hunan Forestry Society, the Camellia oleifera Fruit Picker of Central South Forestry University was recognized as having solved the problems of efficient picking of Camellia oleifera fruit and less flower loss, and the technology realized independent innovation, the equipment was reliable and practical, and the research results reached the international advanced level. "We plan to use one to two years to promote the beautification, multifunction, intelligence and serialization of Camellia oleifera fruit pickers, and realize mass production to benefit the majority of forest farmers." (End)